Case follow up - PEM Database Online
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Transcript Case follow up - PEM Database Online
The septic appearing infant:
approach and case discussion
Muhammad Waseem, MD
Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Lincoln Hospital Bronx, NY
Another Sepsis Work-up
Early Discharge
New
diagnoses in ED
Inborn
errors of metabolism
Congenital anomalies
Septic-Appearing infant
ABCs
Cultures
& antibiotics
“An ill-appearing infant is septic
until proven otherwise” but widen
your differential
Case #1
10-day-old-term
infant drinking 3-4
oz at first
Decreased appetite & vomiting
Sleepy
“ill
appearing”
Flat fontanel
Dry mucous membrane
Enlarged liver
Slight hypotonia
Glucose
25 40 (after correction)
Organic Aciduria
Presents
in first 2-3 week
Septic-appearing
Irritability or lethargy
Vomiting
Hypotonia
Hepatomegaly
Hypoglycemia
Breath
odor
Sweaty feet or stale urine
Coma
Seizure
Respiratory distress
The basic Approach to Inborn
Errors of Metabolism
“limited
repertoire” of symptoms
Non specific
Symptoms may overlap
E.coli
sepsis (galactosemia)
Clinically
indistinguishable
High index of suspicion
Clinical presentations
Vomiting
Lethargy
Coma
Seizure
Jaundice
Odor
Body
Urine
Inborn error of metabolism
Encephalopathy
without acidosis
Encephalopathy with acidosis
Hepatic syndrome
IEM with No Acidosis
Maple
Syrup Urine disease
Urea cycle defects
IEM with acidosis
Organic
aciduria
Lactic acidosis
Hepatic Syndrome
Galactosemia
Acute Evaluation
Glucose
pH
& HCO3
Electrolytes
Ammonia
Lactate
Pyruvate
Ammonia level
Susceptible to artifacts
Must be placed in ice
Immediate processing
< 80 mcg/dL
Hundreds to thousands
Readily traverses BBB
Central hyperventilation
Urine
Organic
acids
Amino acids
Ketones
Reducing substances
Hypoglycemia
Acidosis
Hyperammonemia
Hyperammonemia
Urea
cycle defects
Organic acidemia
Transient hyperammonemia of the
newborn
Diagnosis of hyperammonenia
Blood gas
Acidosis
No acidosis
Organic acid
Plasma AA
sAA elevation
No sAA elevation
Urine orotic acid
High
Normal or low
Plasma citruline
Organic
Acidemias
Citrullinemia Argininemia
OTC
Deficiency
Argininoscuccinic
acidemia
HHH
syndrome
low
Normal or elevated
CPS deficiency
Transient
or NAG synthetase hyperammonemia
deficiency
of the
newborn
Urea Cycle Defects
Early
respiratory alkalosis
Marked elevation of ammonia
Abnormal plasma amino acids
Urea Cycle
AA
NH3
Urea
Urea Cycle Defects
Ornithine-transcarbamylase
(OTC)
Carbamyl phosphate synthetase
(CPS)
Immediate
transfer for hemodialysis
10%
glucose & lipids 1 g/kg
Minimal proteins
Essential
amino acids (0.25 g/kg)
Sodium
benzoate 250 mg/kg
Hippuric
Sodium
acid
phenylacetate 250 mg/kg
Phenylacetylglutamine
Organic Acidemia (OAs)
Methylmalonic
acidemia
Propionic acidemia
Isovaleric acidemia
Severe
acidosis
Ketosis
Hyperammonemia
Seizures
Unusual
odor (urine)
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Urine
organic acid
Hydration
Glucose
infusion
Bicarbonate
Lactic Acidosis
Small
for gestational age
Dysmorphic features
Multiorgan disease
Seizures
Lactate/pyruvate
Elevated
ratio
anion gap
Arterial specimen
Galactosemia
Not
manifest until galactose is
introduced
Most formulas contain lactose
No galactose in soy formulas
Vomiting
Lethargy
or irritability
Feeding difficulties
Poor weight gain
Convulsion
Jaundice
Hepatomegaly
Hypoglycemia
Mental
Retardation
Hepatic Cirrhosis
E. coli Sepsis
* Reducing substances in urine
* Must be done before transfusion
Phenylketonuria
Phenylalanine
Normal
hydroxylase
at birth
Mental retardation
Gradual
Vomiting
onset
Fair
skin
Blue eyes
Seborrhea or eczema
Hypertonia
Seizure
Guthrie
test
Phenylalanine
48-72
hrs
After protein feeding
Maple Syrup Disease
Decarboxylase
Branched
Leucine
chain amino acids
(neurotoxic)
Isoleucine
Valine
Precedes
screening test results
Normal at birth
First week
May present as early as 24 hours
Feeding
intolerance
Lethargy
Hypotonia
Posturing
Seizures
Typical
odor
Burnt
sugar or caramelized sugar
May not be prominent
Metabolic
Late
acidosis
finding
Hypoglycemia
No
improvement after correction
Newborn Screening
Phenylketonuria
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Galactosemia
Homocystinuria
Hypothyroidism
Sickle cell disease
Biotinidase deficiency
HIV
Case #2
4-week-old-term
infant presented
fussy, crying & irritable
Vomited greenish material
Tachycardia
Slightly distended abdomen
Malrotation &Volvulus
First 2 months
Intense & constant pain
Crying, drawing up their knees
Poor feeding
Bilious vomiting
Abdominal distension
No distension in high volvolus
Case # 3
4-week-old presented fussy with decreased
appetite
Cyanotic;does not respond to O2
Tachycardic
Grunting respiration
No hepatomegaly
Normal Chest X-ray
Methemoglobinemia
Uncommon
cause of cyanosis
Can be a cause of death
Ferric
rather than ferrous
Impaired oxygen binding of Hb
Hemoglobin
M
Hemoglobin reductase
Drugs (benzocaine-Orajel)
Idiopathic (70%)
Symptoms depend on the
concentration of methemoglobin
10-30%
30-50%
50-70%
>70%
Cyanosis
Tachycardia, fatigue
Lethargy, stupor
Death
Cyanosis
without cardiac or
pulmonary disease
Oxygen-unresponsive cyanosis
Cyanosis out of proportion to
symptoms
Chocolate
brown blood
Pulse oximeter read 90s%
Normal PaO2 despite cyanosis
<
30%
30-70%
No response
Not needed
Methylene blue
Hyperbaric O2
Exchange transfusion
Methylene
blue 1 mg/kg IV
10 ml 1% ampule (10 mg/ml)
Reduce methHb to hemoglobin
Maximum effect in 30 minutes
Ineffective
in G-6PD deficiency
Hemolysis in G-6PD deficiency
Alter the pulse oximeter reading
Case #4
7-day-old
term infant
Poky eater; eats and stops
Crying & irritable after eating < 1 oz
Acts hungry & wants to eat again
Bounding
pulse in upper extremity
Weak/or no pulses in lower
extremities
Congenital Heart Defects
First week
Hypoplastic
left heart syndrome
TGA
TAPVR
Coarctation
of aorta
First month
Coarctation
of aorta
VSD
AV
canal malformation
Ductal dependent lesions
Coarctation
of aorta
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
TGA
Tricuspid
atresia
Pulmonary atresia
with
intact ventricular septum
Critical
pulmonary stenosis
Prostaglandin E1
0.3 X Kg = Number of mg to be
added in 50 ml
0.5 ml/hr will deliver 0.05
microgram/kg/min
Recognize
life-threatening
conditions
Initiate therapy even before precise
conditions
Prostaglandin E1
0.05 - 0.1 microgram/kg/min
Apnea
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Seizures
Hyperthermia
Coarctation of Aorta
Decreased
lower limb pulses
Acute cardiovascular collapse
Differential cyanosis
TGA
5%
of all CHD
Aorta from RV
Pulmonary artery from LV
Ductus
closure
minimal
mixing of the systemic &
pulmonary blood via foramen ovale
Hypoxemia
Cyanosis
Tachypnea
Murmur
may be absent
“Egg on a stick appearance”
Hypoplsatic left heart
Both
cyanotic & acyanotic
25% of all cardiac deaths in 1st wk
Pallor
Tachypnea
Poor
perfusion
grayish
Poor
blue color
to absent peripheral pulses
No
murmur
Hepatomegaly
Metabolic acidosis
Case # 5
6-week-old-full-term-infant
Irritability
During
Pallor
& poor feeding few days
feeding
& breathlessness
Irritable
Crying-not
consolable
HR 160, R 50, T 990 F
Intermittent grunting
O2 saturation 97%
Pale,
cool extremities
Clear lung fields
Palpable liver 4 cm
4 extremities pulse & BP equal
Anomalous Origin of LCA
Pulmonary Artery
Low
pressure
Desaturated blood
Myocardial
ischemia
2
weeks to 6 months
Restlessness, irritability
Incessant crying
Dyspnea
Pallor & sweating (> feeding)
Congestive
cardiac failure
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Cardiomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Q-wave
in I, aVL & left precordium
Persistent ST-elevation
T-wave inversion
Case # 6
6-day-old
girl, lethargic
Vomiting all night
Extremely irritable
Enlarged clitoris with local hairs
Adrenal Hyperplasia
Inborn errors of adrenal steroid
Acute salt-losing crisis
2 - 5 weeks
Ambiguous genitalia
21-hydroxylase
90%
deficiency
of all cases
1 in 15,000 live births
Male
Appears
normal at birth
Sexual precocity appears in 6 months
Large phallus
Dark skin & mucous membrane
Female
Enlarged
clitoris
Labial fusion
Virilization
Electrolytes
Na+
High K+
Low
Glucose
Adrenal
steroid profile
17-hydroxyprogesterone
Markedly
elevated
Obtain before hydrocortisone
administration
Fluid
& Electrolyte replacement
Urgent
20
ml/kg Normal Saline
Hydrocortisone
25
mg IV bolus
50 mg/m2/24 hours
Hyperkalemia
Far
better tolerated
Volume restoration
Insulin & glucose contraindicated
Case # 7
3-year-old
previously healthy girl
Breathing fast
6 vomiting in 2 hours
Lethargic
100.30 F, HR 156, R 60
Clear lung fields
Glucose 69
T
Na
144
K 6
Cl 110
Urea 27
pH
PCO2
HCO3
Base
deficit
Salicylate
7.45
12
8
12
level 98 mg/dl
Salicylate poisoning
Tachypnea
& respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Fever
Seizure
Coma
Case # 8
15-month-old
girl- fever & vomiting
Sleepy but arousable
Lethargic
Intermittent cry followed by
vomiting
RUQ
tenderness
Scant bowel sounds
Guaic negative stool
Intussusception
Sudden
onset
Triad
Vomiting
Colicky
abdominal pain
Heme-positive stool (“currant jelly”)
Target
sign
Soft
tissue mass with 2 concentric
circles of fat density
Absence
of cecal gas & stool
Loss of visualization of tip of liver
Paucity of bowel gas (RLQ)
Normal
abdominal radiographs do
not rule out intussusception
3
months to 6 years
80% under 2 years
Male:female 4:1
Adenoviruses
(spring)
Rotaviruses (summer)
Rotavirus vaccine
Fluid
resuscitation is important
All patients are hypovolemic
Barium
enema
Diagnostic
Air
& therapeutic
enema
Increased
success
Lower complications & radiation
Child Abuse
Intracranial
hemorrhage
Inconsistent history
High index of suspicion
Take home message
The
“septic appearing infant” is
septic until proven otherwise but
think beyond!
Key to diagnosis is high index of
suspicion
“Eyes
can not see what the mind
does not know”