Transcript NVCC Bio 212 - gserianne.com

Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology II
• Who am I?
– Greg Erianne, Ph.D.
– Office Hours; See Syllabus
– Office Location: Rm. SH 205
– E-mail: [email protected]
– Tel; 973-328-5377 (voice mail)
• PLEASE BE SURE TO INITIAL THE SIGN-IN
SHEET IN THE BACK OF THE CLASSROOOM
EACH TIME YOU COME TO CLASS!!
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Emergency Evacuation Procedures
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Emergency evacuation may be required when there is an actual or potential danger to
the occupants of any building as a result of fire or other emergency situation. When
a fire alarm is sounded, all occupants must leave the building(s) via the nearest
exit and proceed immediately to the designated staging area and remain 50 feet
from any building. Fire Marshals will direct the evacuation. All walkways and
roads must remain clear for emergency vehicles. Take all belongings with you.
You will remain there until the all clear is sounded, or a Fire Marshal directs you to a
remote staging area. Evacuation of physically disabled individuals will be assisted or
coordinated by the faculty at the site. DO NOT USE ELEVATORS DURING
THE EVACUATION PROCESS. The evacuation staging area for this classroom
or laboratory is:
– CH First Floor (classroom for Tues/Thurs AM classes;
• Primary: Rear exit to lot 1 50 ft past walkway
• Secondary: Parking lot 1
– SH First and Second Floors (classroom/lab);
• Primary: Lawn above HH stairs
• Secondary: Parking lot 5
Note: slide moved…
Overview of Lecture 1
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Course and Publisher Web sites
Course Description/Textbook/Lab Book
Course Objectives and Syllabus Review
Blueprint for success/Study strategy
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Overview of blood
Blood volume and composition
Formed elements of blood
Blood plasma
Hemostasis
Blood groups and transfusions
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Course Web Sites
• Our Web sites for this class are located at:
– http://www.gserianne.com/science/GerianneBio102 (Main)
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Announcements (VERY IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT FREQUENTLY!)
Syllabus and all lecture/lab schedules
Lecture and Lab slides used in class (ppt and pdf formats)
Supplementary online materials for Lecture and Lab
Lecture and Lab Exam Study Guides
Links to many other sites including Pearson’sWeb site
Extra credit assignments
– http://courses.ccm.edu (Blackboard Learn; Secondary)
• You will need your student ID and password for the Blackboard (BB) site
• This BB site will be used ONLY grades and grade-related things
– http://masteringaandp.com (from Pearson Science)
• You will need the course ID and have to register if you haven’t been to this site
before
• Lots of resources to use for A&P II – take advantage of it!
– Printing slides and other materials (see email I sent)
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Outline of Course/Requirements
• Course Description
– Lecture / discussion format
• Lectures may not follow the order
of Marieb’s Human Anatomy &
Physiology, 9th edition – please
check your syllabus!
– Figures used for class
– Laboratory
• Marieb’s Laboratory Manual, 11th
edition
• Reading assignments for lab should
be done BEFORE you come to lab
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Blueprint for Success
• Most importantly…
– Skim your textbook BEFORE lecture and make notes
– Take notes in your own words and become mentally involved
during lecture; review/rewrite your notes after lecture
– Ask questions if you don’t understand
– Continually review previously learned material
– Use all the study aids available to you
– ***Before taking the exam, you should be able to take a
BLANK study guide and answer all the questions WITHOUT
YOUR NOTES!!!!
• **See the Suggested Study Method on Web at the
gserianne.com Web site – Please review this!!!
• **Be sure to print slides/materials if you want them for
class/lab – make a schedule for yourself
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Major objectives of this course
• In general, you will…
– Master the objectives listed in the syllabus
– Develop a further mastery of scientific/biomedical
terminology
– Further develop your ability to think logically and
critically
• Let’s review the syllabus and handouts…
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Grading for A&P II
Lecture
(3 lecture exams + Final Exam)
**If Final Exam grade is higher than your
lowest lecture exam grade, it will replace
that lowest exam grade
Lab
Lecture Exam 1
16.67%
Lecture Exam 2
16.67%
Lecture Exam 3
16.67%
Final Exam
25.00%
TOTAL
75.00%
Lab Exam 1
11.25%
Lab Exam 2
11.25%
Attend./Participation
TOTAL
A = 90.00% or higher average
B = 80.00% – 89.99%
C = 70.00% – 79.99%
D = 60.00% – 69.99%
F = 59.99% or lower average
NOTE: CCM does NOT use '+' or '-' grades
2.50%
25.00%
Marieb’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Ninth Edition
Marieb w Hoehn
Chapter 17
Blood
Lecture 1
Overview of Blood – (Hem-)
Blood is what type of tissue? Connective tissue.
Functions
• transports vital
substances (O2, waste)
• maintains stability of
interstitial fluid
• distributes heat
• hemostasis
• prevents infection
Blood Cells (formed elements)
• form in red bone marrow
• red blood cells
• white blood cells
• platelets (cell fragments)
Plasma (liquid portion - matrix)
• contains dissolved substances
• mostly water and proteins
• amount of blood varies with
• body size
• changes in fluid volume
• changes in electrolyte concentration
• amount of adipose tissue
• about 7-8% of body weight
• About
5.0 liters of blood in adult
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Blood Composition
Hematocrit (HCT) –
Percentage of red cells in
blood by volume. Also called
Packed Cell Volume (PCV).
Usually about 45%
What would happen to the
hematocrit if someone was
dehyrated and lost plasma
volume?
Figure from: Saladin,
Anatomy & Physiology,
McGraw Hill, 2007
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Formed Elements of the Blood
45% of blood
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Origin of Blood Cells
All formed elements of blood
arise from a common
hematopoietic pluripotent
stem cell (a hemocytoblast) in
the red bone marrow
Figure from: Hole’s
Human A&P, 12th
edition, 2010
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Red Blood Cells
• erythrocytes
• biconcave (↑ surface area)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
• one-third hemoglobin (~
280 million Hb molecules per
RBC)
• oxyhemoglobin
• deoxyhemoglobin
• can readily squeeze
through capillaries
• lack nuclei and
mitochondria
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Hemoglobin
General structure:
- Four polypeptides chains
- A porphyrin
Heme
- An iron atom
Figure From:
Martini, Anatomy
& Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Red Blood Cell Count
• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood.
(1 mm3 = 1 microliter, µl)
• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males
• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females
• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children
Average is about 5 x 106 RBCs / µl
• Number of RBCs reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
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Red Blood Cell Production
• low blood oxygen causes
kidneys and liver to
release erythropoietin
which stimulates RBC
production (up to 30
million per second under
maximum EPO
stimulation!)
• Erythropoiesis
• vitamin B12, folic acid
and iron necessary for
RBC production
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Blood Viscosity and Osmolarity
• Viscosity (thickness)
–
–
–
–
Resistance to flow of blood
Whole blood is about 5x as viscous as water
Changes in viscosity can put strain on the heart
Erythrocytosis (polycythemia)  viscosity
• Osmolarity
– Due to NUMBER of ‘particles’ dissolved, not the type
– Na+, proteins, erythrocytes
– Osmolarity determines fluid flow between blood and tissues
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Red Blood Cell Turnover
The average life
span of an RBC
is about 120
days (4 months)
Figure From: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
Iron is carried
in the blood by
transferrin to
red bone
marrow, liver
Porphyrin
from worn out
RBCs is
converted into
biliverdin and
bilirubin
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Types of Anemia
Anemia – deficiency of RBCs or Hb in RBCs;
reduces O2-carrying capacity of blood
• aplastic anemia
• bone marrow damaged
• toxic chemicals
• radiation
• hemolytic anemia
• RBCs destroyed
• toxic chemicals
• sickle cell anemia
• abnormal shape of RBCs
• defective gene (-chain)
• iron deficiency anemia
• hemoglobin deficient
• lack of iron
• pernicious anemia
• excess of immature RBCs
• inability to absorb B12
• thalassemia
• hemoglobin deficient
• RBCs short-lived
• defective gene ( or -chain)
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White Blood Cells
• leukocytes
• protect against disease
• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate
development in red bone marrow
• granulocytes
• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils
• agranulocytes
• lymphocytes
• monocytes
‘phils’ are filled
with granules!
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Neutrophils
• light blue granules in acid-base
stain
• lobed nucleus
• other names
• segs
• polymorphonuclear
leukocyte (PMNs)
• bands (young neutrophils)
• first to arrive at infections
• phagocytic
• *55% - 65% of leukocytes (most
numerous type of WBC)
• elevated in bacterial infections
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Basophils
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
• deep blue granules from
basic stain
• release histamine and
heparin in allergic
reactions (similar to mast
cells)
• less than 1% of
leukocytes
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Eosinophils
• deep red granules in acid
stain
• bilobed nucleus
• participate in allergic
reactions
• defend against parasitic
worm infestations
• 1% - 3% of leukocytes
• elevated in worm
infestations and allergic
reactions, collagen diseases,
diseases of spleen
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Monocytes
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
• largest blood cell
• agranulocyte
• kidney-shaped or oval
nuclei
• leave bloodstream to
become macrophages
• 3% - 9% of leukocytes
• elevated in typhoid fever,
malaria, tuberculosis, viral
infections, inflammation
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Lymphocytes
• about the size of RBC
• agranulocytic
• large spherical nuclei
• thin rims of cytoplasm
• T cells
• B cells
• NK cells
• important in immunity
• produce antibodies
• 25% - 33% of
leukocytes
• decreased T Cells in
AIDS
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Diapedesis
• Diapedesis - leukocytes squeeze through
capillary walls to enter tissue space outside the
blood vessel
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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White Blood Cell Counts
• number of WBCs per mm3 of blood
• 5,000 – 10,000 per mm3 (or μl) of blood
• leukopenia (-penia = deficiency of cell number)
• low WBC count
• typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS
• leukocytosis (-cytosis = increase in cell number)
• high WBC count
• acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids
• differential WBC count
• lists percentages of types of leukocytes
• may change in particular diseases
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Blood Platelets
• called thrombocytes when nucleated (in birds)
• cell fragments of megakaryocytes
• membrane bound
• 150,000 – 500,000 per mm3 of blood (average ≈
350,000 per µl)
• help control blood loss from broken vessels
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Blood Plasma
• straw colored
• liquid portion of blood
• 55% of blood
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Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Plasma Proteins
Albumins
Alpha and Beta Globulins
• most numerous plasma
• originate in liver
proteins (~55%)
• transport lipids and fat• ‘transport’ proteins
soluble vitamins
• originate in liver
• help maintain osmotic
pressure of blood
Gamma Globulins
• originate in lymphatic
Fibrinogen
tissues (plasma cells)
• originates in liver
• constitute the
• plays key role in
antibodies of immunity
blood coagulation
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Gases and Nutrients
Gases
• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• nitrogen
Nutrients
• amino acids
• simple sugars
• nucleotides
• lipids
• lipoproteins
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Nonprotein Nitrogenous (NPN) Substances
• molecules containing nitrogen that are not proteins
• urea – product of protein catabolism; about 50% of
NPN substances ( BUN – blood urea nitrogen; one
indicator of kidney function)
• uric acid – product of nucleic acid catabolism
• amino acids – product of protein catabolism
• creatine – stores phosphate groups (energy)
• creatinine – product of creatine metabolism
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Plasma Electrolytes
• sodium
• potassium
• calcium
• magnesium
• chloride
• bicarbonate
• phosphate
• sulfate
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Hemostasis
• cessation of bleeding
Blood Vessel Spasm
• triggered by pain
receptors,
platelet/endothelial
cell release of
various substances
Platelet Plug
Formation
• triggered by
exposure of
platelets to
collagen
• smooth muscle in
vessel contracts
(vascular spasm)
• platelets
adhere to
rough surface
to form a plug
1. Vascular phase
2. Platelet phase
Blood Coagulation
• triggered by
platelets,
cellular damage
and blood
contact with
foreign surfaces
• blood clot
forms
3. Coagulation phase
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Hemostasis
Platelet Plug Formation
Substances released
by platelets:
- ADP (platelet
activator)
- thromboxane A2
and serotonin (vessel
constriction)
- clotting factors
- Ca2+ (aids in
coagulation)
- PDGF
Example of
positive
feedback
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Blood Coagulation
Three cascades:
1.
Instrinsic
2.
Extrinsic
3.
Common
*
~ 15 sec.
~ 3-6 min.
Coagulation is an
example of
positive feedback
Figure from:
Martini, Anatomy
& Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Blood Coagulation
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism (shorter, faster)
• chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation
• triggered by tissue factor or thromboplastin (not
found in blood, thus it’s extrinsic and produced by
damaged tissue)
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism (longer, slower)
• chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation
• activators are in direct contact with blood or contained
within the blood
triggered by Hageman factor (XII; found inside blood)
• triggered when blood contacts a ‘foreign’ surface, e.g.,
collagen fibers, glass tube
Both pathways are activated after blood vessel damage
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Blood Clots
• After forming, blood clot retracts (~60%) and pulls the
edges of a broken vessel together
• Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells
and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels
• Thrombus – blood clot
• Embolus – blood clot moving through blood
Serum is the fluid expressed from a clot, i.e., the
plasma minus clotting factors
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Factors Preventing Coagulation
• The smooth lining (endothelium) of blood vessels
discourages the accumulation of platelets
• Prostacyclin released by endothelial cells (aspirin)
• Some cells secrete heparin (an anticoagulant)
• As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents
the reaction from spreading
• Antithrombin (in plasma) interferes with the action of
excess thrombin (activated by heparin)
• Plasmin digests blood clots (generated from plasminogen
via the action of a plasma enzyme, kallikrein)
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*
Review
Major Blood Cell
Type
red blood cell
white blood cell
platelet
Scientific Name
erythrocyte
leukocyte
thrombocyte
Circulating
Concentration/
3
mm blood
4-6 million/
mm3 blood
5-10,000/
mm3 blood
150,000-500,000/
mm3 blood
General Function
transportation of
oxygen
fight infection
blood clotting
Key Characteristic
Biconcave disks,
lack nucleus and
mitochondria,
contain Hb,
erythropoietin
Granulocytes and
agranulocytes,
some are
phagocytic
Fragments of giant
megakaryocyte
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Review
Specific WBC
Function/
Event of Increase?
Differential %
Morphological feature
Neutrophil
general phagocytosis;
acute bacterial infections
54%-62%
Light purple granules,
multilobed nucleus
Eosinophil
kills parasites; involved in
inflammation and allergic
reactions
1%-3%
Dark red granules,
bilobed nucleus
Basophil
Inflammatory reactions: releases
heparin (natural anticoagulant)
and histamine (inflammation)
less than 1%
Deep blue granules,
bilobed nucleus usually
obscured by granules
Monocyte
phagocytosis of large particles;
typhoid, malaria, mononucleosis
3%-9%
Large, kidney-shaped or
oval nucleus
Lymphocyte
produce antibodies/immunity;
viral infections, tissue rejection,
tumors, TB, whooping cough
25%-33%
Slightly larger than
RBCs, large nucleus with
thin rim of cytoplasm
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