Transcript FCAT Science Review

West Broward High School
 True False Questions
 Read carefully
 A single word can make the sentence false
 Multiple Choice Questions
 If you come to an question you don’t know, skip it. Go
back later if you have time.
 When you’re not sure, rule out answers you know are
not correct. When you are down to
2 choices, make an educated guess.
Essay Questions
Look for key words that tell you what kind of
essay to write
• compare - what characteristics are similar, and
•
•
•
which are different (focus on similarities)
describe - what happens or what is something like
contrast - discuss differences between things
discuss - write as completely as you can; give
favoring and differing views
elaborate
CHEMISTRY
Matter
 Conservation of Matter
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed
Organization of Matter
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
ATOM
• Smallest particle that has properties of
an element
ELEMENTS
•Can’t be broken into simpler substances
MOLECULES
•Smallest unit of a substance that has its
characteristic properties
COMPOUNDS
•Made of atoms of 2 or more elements
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
 proton
Positive charge, inside nucleus
•neutron
neutral charge, inside nucleus
•electron
negative charge, orbitals
outside nucleus
Atomic Number
= number of protons
(= number of electrons, when electronically neutral)
Atomic Mass
= mass of protons + neutrons
(mass of electrons is negligible)
**fly on a semi
Isotopes
= atoms of the same element with different
Masses due to differing number of neutrons
OCTET RULE
 Stability determined by atoms’ ability to
have outermost energy level filled
…like the Noble Gases
Arrangement of electrons
determines an element’s
physical properties
PERIODIC TRENDS
Atomic size
Ion formation
Electron attraction
Elements with unstable nuclei decay
Groups (Families) based on
electron structure
Matter behaves as a wave, particle
or something different
BONDING
Covalent Bonding
Formed by sharing electrons
Ionic Bonding
Formed transfer of electrons
Cation - gives electrons --> positive ion
Anion - takes electrons --> negative ion
Only the outermost electrons
are involved in bonding
Changes in Phase
Rates of Reactions
What effects rates?
Catalysts
Surface area
Temperature
Pressure
Number of molecules :
Concentration
PHYSICS
ENERGY
Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be
created or destroyed ; it
only changes forms
Forms of Energy
chemical
light
Bonds of chemicals
Electromagnetic radiation travels in waves
heat Differences in temperatures
electrical Movement of electrons
mechanical
sound
Moving machines/objects doing work
Mechanical due to motion of air molecules
nuclear
Stored in atomic nucleus; released
during nuclear decay
Potential Energy
Stored energy/ energy of position
PE= mgh
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
KE= 1/2 mv2
Sources of Energy
Nuclear Reactions
Fossil fuel
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Solar
Work & Energy
Both are measure in joules (J)
Work Force moves an object
Energy
Fuel
Capacity to do work
Substance from which
energy can be obtained
st
1
Law of Thermodynamics
MOTION
Reference point
Frame of reference
Relative motion
Speed
Distance traveled per unit of time
Velocity
Velocity
Speed & direction
v= d/t
Acceleration
Change in velocity over time
a= v f - v i /t f - t i
UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
A FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN ANY
TWO OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE
4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
•STRONG NUCLEAR
•ELECTROMAGNETIC
•WEAK NUCLEAR
•GRAVITATIONAL
In order of decreasing strength
LIFE
SCIENCE
CELLS
Basic unit of structure &
Function of living things
CELL MEMBRANES
•Semi permeable or
selectively permeable
•Made up of phospholipid
molecules
(hydrophyllic heads,
hydrophobic tails)
•Materials move with concentration
gradients
- diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion
•Materials move against concentration
gradients
-active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
ORGANIC MOLECULES
•PROTIENS made up of amino acids
-structural - marker - channel - enzymes
•LIPIDS glycerol & fatty acids
•CARBOHYDRATES simple sugars
•NUCLEIC ACIDS nucleotides (phosphate
sugar nitrogen base)
•DNA
•RNA
HEREDITY
DNA - Double helix
Heredity molecule
MUTATIONS - changes in
DNA
Punnett Squares
Pedigrees
ECOLOGY
•Organisms are adapted to specific environment
•Mutations result in adaptations which make
organisms better fit to their environment
•Types of organisms
-decomposers (bacteria)
-Producers (plants, algae)
-Consumers (predators, prey)
ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE
MAY CHANGE DUE TO NATURAL EVENTS
-FIRES,
-VOLCANIC ACIVITY
-WEATHER
MAN MADE CAUSES
-POLLUTION
Scientific Method
Observation - state the problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion
Steps to Solving Problems
1. ANALYZE
 List the given and unknown values
Determine the relationship between values
Write the equation
2. CALCULATE
2.
Insert
CALCULATE
the known values, and solve
3. EVALUATE
USING GRAPHS
3 TYPES OF GRAPHS
1. LINE
show trends or how the data change over time
2. BAR
Compares information collected by counting
3. CIRCLE
show how some quantity is broken down into parts
INTERPRETING GRAPHS
 Dependent variable
Depends on change of the independent variable
Graphed on the y-axis
 Independent variable
Unaffected by changes in the dependent variable
 Controls
Graphed on the x-axis
A constant used for a comparison