Transcript Nitrogen Cycle, Interactive

Printable
Nitrogen Cycle
Interactive
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Text
Back to
Intro Page
GLOBAL WARMING
ATMOSPHERE
N2O
NO
N2
PLANT
LOSS
INDUSTRIAL
FIXATION
N2 FIXATION
SYMBIOTIC
NON-SYMBIOTIC
MESQUITE
RHIZOBIUM
ALFALFA
SOYBEAN
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
AZOTOBACTER
CLOSTRIDIUM
LIGHTNING,
RAINFALL
PLANT AND ANIMAL
RESIDUES
HABER BOSCH
(1200°C, 500 atm)
3H2 + N2
2NH3
MATERIALS WITH N
CONTENT > 1.5%
(COW MANURE)
FERTILIZATION
MATERIALS WITH N
CONTENT < 1.5%
(WHEAT STRAW)
AMINO
ACIDS
NH3
AMMONIA
VOLATILIZATION
AMINIZATION
ORGANIC
MATTER
HETEROTROPHIC
R-NH2 + ENERGY + CO2
BACTERIA (pH>6.0)
FUNGI (pH<6.0)
IMMOBILIZATION
Pseudomonas, Bacillus,
Thiobacillus Denitrificans,
and T. thioparus
R-OH + ENERGY + 2NH3
N2O2MINERALIZATION
+ NITRIFICATION
MICROBIAL/PLANT
SINK
2NH4+ + 2OHFIXED ON
EXCHANGE
SITES
NO2-
OXIDATION STATES
NH3 AMMONIA
-3
NH4+ AMMONIUM
-3
N2 DIATOMIC N
0
N2O NITROUS OXIDE 1
NO NITRIC OXIDE
2
NO2- NITRITE
3
NO3 NITRATE
5
pH>7.0
R-NH2 + H2O
AMMONIFICATION
NH2OH
NO3POOL
DENITRIFICATION
LEACHING
TEMP 50°F
LEACHING
NITRIFICATION
2NO2- + H2O + 4H+
Nitrobacter
LEACHING
VOLATILIZATION
NITRIFICATION
LEACHING
+ O2
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
LEACHING
pH 7.0
+O2
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
ADDITIONS
LOSSES
OXIDATION REACTIONS
REDUCTION REACTIONS
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Plant and Animal
Residues
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant
Loss
Volatilization
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
Organic Matter
R-NH2 + H2O
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
R-OH + Energy + 2NH3
NO3- Pool
2NH4+ + 2OHSoil exchange
sites
Leaching
2NO2- + H2O + 4H+
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Symbiotic
Rhizobium
Alfalfa
Mesquite
Soybean
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Lightning,
Rainfall
Plant and Animal
Residues
Non-Symbiotic
Azotobacter
Cyanobacteria
Clostridium
Fertilizer
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Haber-Bosch (1200C, 500 ATM)
Lightning,
Rainfall
Plant and Animal
Residues
3CH4 + 3O2 + 2N2  4NH3 + 3CO2
Fertilizer
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Plant and Animal
Residues
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
Volatilization
Small
Percentage
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Soil Exchange Sites
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Lightning,
Rainfall
Plant and Animal
Residues
Oxidation of N
N2 + 3O2  2NO3Fertilizer
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Lightning,
Rainfall
Plant and Animal
Residues
%N > 1.5
%N < 1.5
(Animal Manure) (Wheat Straw)
Fertilizer
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant and Animal
Residues
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
Temperature above or below 50°F?
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Plant and Animal
Residues
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Volatilization
Heterotrophic
Aminization
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
Plant
Loss
Fungi pH < 6.0
Bacteria pH > 6.0
Ammonification
Organic Matter
Immobilization
pH > 7.0
R-NH2 + H2O
N2, N2O, NO
R-OH + Energy + 2NH3
Immobilization
Plant/Microbial
Sink
+ H2O
2NH4+ + 2OH-
NO3- Pool
Soil exchange
sites
Back to Main
Cycle
Back to
Temperature
Choice
Leaching
2NO2- + H2O + 4H+
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant and Animal
Residues
Volatilization
Amino
Acids
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
NH3
N2, N2O, NO
NH2OH
NO2N2O2-
Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus,
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and
Dentrificans
Back to Main
Cycle
Immobilization
NO3- Pool
Plant/Microbial
Sink
Mineralization &
Nitrification
Denitrification
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant and Animal
Residues
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Back to
Temperature
Choice
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant and Animal
Residues
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
Immobilization
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
2NH4+ + 2OH-
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant and Animal
Residues
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus,
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and
Dentrificans
Back to Main
Cycle
NO3- Pool
Denitrification
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant and Animal
Residues
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
NH3
N2, N2O, NO
NH2OH
NO2-
Plant/Microbial
Sink
N2O2-
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Plant and Animal
Residues
Volatilization
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Plant and Animal
Residues
Lightning,
Rainfall
Fertilizer
Volatilization
Heterotrophic
Aminization
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
Plant
Loss
Ammonification
Organic Matter
pH > 7.0
R-NH2 + H2O
N2, N2O, NO
R-OH + Energy + 2NH3
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Interactive Nitrogen
Cycle
N2 Fixation
Joanne LaRuffa Robert Mullen
Wade Thomason Susan Mullins
Shannon Taylor
Heather Lees
Atmosphere
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State University
Industrial
Processes
Haber-Bosch (1200C, 500 ATM)
Lightning,
Rainfall
Plant and Animal
Residues
3CH4 + 3O2 + 2N2  4NH3 + 3CO2
Fertilizer
Volatilization
Heterotrophic
Aminization
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
Plant
Loss
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Plant/Microbial
Sink
NO3- Pool
Back to Main
Cycle
Leaching
Back to
Intro Page
Nitrogen Information
Form taken up plant
Enzymes that require N
Mobility
Concentration in plants
Deficiency symptoms
Effect of pH on availability
Soil pH deficiency
Nutrient interactions
Role of N in plant growth
Fertilizer sources
Role of N in microbial growth
References
• NH4+
• NO3-
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• Soil
– NH4+; NO
– NO3- ; Yes
• Water Soluble
• Not influenced by soil colloids
• Plant
– Yes
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• Chlorosis in older leaves
• Under severe deficiency lower leaves
are brown, beginning at the leaf tip and
proceeding along the midrib
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• None due to nitrate’s mobility
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• N assimilation into amino acids for
protein and amino acid synthesis
• Component of chlorophyll
• Vegetative growth
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• Necessary for the synthesis for amino
acids
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• Nitrate reductase
• Nitrite reductase
• Nitrogenase
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• Wheat 1.7 to 3.0%
– Grain 2.0%
– Forage 3.0%
– Straw
•
•
•
•
•
•
Corn 2.7 to 3.5%
Soybeans 4.2 to 5.5%
Grain sorghum 3.3 to 4.0 %
Peanuts 3.5 to 4.5 %
Alfalfa 4.5 to 5.0%
Bermudagrass 2.5 to 3.0%
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• Low pH
– None
• High pH
– None at pH > 8
– At pH > 7 NO2- accumulates
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
• Si: enhances leaf erectness neutralizing the
negative effects of high N supply on light
interception
• P: symbiotic legume fixation needs adequate
P, or a N deficiency can result
• Mo: component of nitrogenase, therefore
could have Mo induced N deficiency in N2
fixing legumes
• Fe: Necessary for nitrogenase and
ferredoxin, legume hemoglobin, deficiency
reduces nodule mass, and nitrogenase
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page
ammonium sulfate
ammonium chloride
ammonium nitratesulfate
ammoniated ordinarysuperphosphate
monoammonium phosphate
ammonium polyphosphate
calcium nitrate
sodium nitrate
urea-sulfate
urea-ammonium phosphate
Back to N Text
Main Page
anhydrous ammonia
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate
with lime
ammonium phosphatesulfate
diammonium phosphate
ammonium thiophosphate
potassium nitrate
urea
urea-ammonium nitrate
urea phosphate
Back to
Intro Page
• Burford, J.R., and J.M. Bremner. 1975.
Relationships between the denitrification
capacities of soils and total, water-soluble
and readily decomposable soil organic
matter. Soil Biochem. 7:389-394.
• Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition in
Higher Plants. Academic Press, London.
• Tisdale, S.L., W.L. Nelson, J.D. Beaton, and
J.L. Havlin. 1993. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers.
MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.
Back to N Text
Main Page
Back to
Intro Page