Neonatal Nursing Care
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Transcript Neonatal Nursing Care
Developed by D. Ann Currie, RN, MSN
Physiological Responses of
the Newborn to Birth
Respiratory Adaptations:
Mechanical changes
Chemical changes
Thermal changes
Sensory changes
Fetal and Neonatal
Circulation
Normal Term Newborn
Cord Blood
Neutral Thermal
Environmental Temperatures
Physiologic Adaptations
to Extrauterine Life
Newborn Urinalysis Values
Cardiovascular Adaptations
Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance and
increased blood flow
Increased systemic pressure and closure of ductus
venosus
Increased left atrium and decreased right atrium
pressure
Closure of foramen ovale
Reversal of blood flow through ductus arteriosus
and increased PO2
Closure of ductus arteriosus
Transitional circulation:
conversion from fetal to
neonatal circulation.
Fetal-neonatal circulation. A, Pattern of
blood flow and oxygenation in fetal
circulation. B, Pattern of blood flow and
oxygenation in transitional circulation of
the newborn. C, Pattern of blood flow and
oxygenation in neonatal circulation.
Fetal Laboratory
Value Changes
Decreased erythropoietin production
Rise of hemoglobin concentration
Physiologic anemia of infancy
Leukocytosis
Decreased percentage of neutrophils
Thermogenesis in
the Newborn
Large body surface area compared to mass
Types of heat loss
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
Conduction
Types of Bilirubin
Unconjugated bilirubin
Conjugated bilirubin
Total bilirubin
Conjugation and
Excretion of Bilirubin
Bilirubin is transported in blood via albumin
Bilirubin is transferred into the hepatocytes
Attachment of unconjugated bilirubin to glucuronic
acid
Excreted into bile ducts, then into the common duct
and duodenum
Bacteria transform it into urobilinogen and
stercobilinogen
Bilirubin is excreted in urine and stool
Jaundice
Physiologic Jaundice
Accelerated destruction of fetal RBCs
Increased amounts of bilirubin delivered to
liver
Inadequate hepatic circulation
Impaired conjugation of bilirubin
Defective uptake of bilirubin from the
plasma
Defective conjugation of the bilirubin
Physiologic Jaundice
(continued)
Increased bilirubin reabsorption
Defect in bilirubin excretion
Increased reabsorption of bilirubin from the intestine
Liver Adaptations
Iron content stored in liver
Low carbohydrate reserves
Main source of energy is glucose
Liver begins to conjugate bilirubin
Lack of intestinal flora results in low levels of
vitamin K
GI Adaptations
Sufficient enzymes except for amylase
Digests and absorbs fats less efficiently
Salivary glands are immature
Stomach has capacity of 50-60 mL
Cardiac sphincter is immature
Fluid and Electrolyte
Balance
Less able to concentrate urine
Limited tubular reabsorption of water
Limited excretion of solutes
Limited dilutional capabilities
Immunologic Responses
in the Newborn
IgG – passive acquired immunity via placenta
IgM – usually not passively transferred
Elevated levels may indicate fetal antigenic activity in
utero
IgA – passive acquired immunity via colostrum
Periods of Reactivity
First period of reactivity
Sleep phase
Second period of reactivity
Mother and baby gaze at each other. This quiet
alert state is the optimal state for interaction
Behavioral and Sensory
Capabilities
Habituation
Orientation
Auditory
Olfactory
Tasting and Sucking
Tactile
End of Part 1