Transcript Biochemistry Notes

Macromolecules
Structure & Function
You Are What You Eat
Total
Calories
Total Fat (g)
Saturated Fat (g)
Cholesterol (mg)
Big Mac Meal
Sodium (mg)
Carbohydrates (g)
Dietary Fiber (g)
Protein (g)
%Daily
Value
1280
59
16
85
91
79
28
1420
158
11
59
53
42
33
-
http://www.mcdonalds.com/app_controller.nutrition.mcmeal.bagmeal.html
Carbohydrates

C : 2H : O


hydrate (water)
Examples




carbo
Glucose C6H12O6
Fructose C6H12O6
Isomers
Monosaccharides (one sugar)


Fuel
Sweet!
Carbohydrates

Disaccharides (two
sugars)

Examples


Sucrose
Dehydration synthesis
Coca-Cola Classic®
Carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup and/or sucrose,
caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors (vegetable
source), caffeine.
Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides (many
sugars)


Up to thousands of
units
Fuel Storage

Starch- Plants

Glycogen- Animals
Starch & Glycogen
Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides (many
sugars)


Up to thousands of
units
Starch & Glycogen
Structural
Cellulose
Hard to digest!
Total
Calories
%Daily
Value
1280
Carbohydrates (g)
158
53
Dietary Fiber (g)
11
42
Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides (many
sugars)


Up to thousands of
units
Starch & Glycogen
Structural
Cellulose
Chitin
Carbohydrate Structures
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
Lipids

Hydrophobic



Oil & water do
not mix!
Less O
Examples




Fatty acid
Triglyceride
Saturated
Unsaturated
Total
Calories
%Daily
Value
1280
Total Fat (g)
59
91
Saturated Fat (g)
16
79
Cholesterol (mg)
85
28
1420
59
Carbohydrates (g)
158
53
Dietary Fiber (g)
11
42
Protein (g)
33
-
Sodium (mg)
Lipids
Large French Fries
Potatoes, partially
hydrogenated soybean oil,
natural flavor (beef source),
dextrose, sodium acid
pyrophosphate (to preserve
natural color). Cooked in
partially hydrogenated
vegetable oils (may contain
partially hydrogenated
soybean oil and/or partially
hydrogenated corn oil and/or
partially hydrogenated canola
oil and/or cottonseed oil
and/or sunflower oil and/or
corn oil).
Lipids

Energy Storage!






Insulation
Waterproofing
Membrane


1 g of carbohydrate  4
calories
1 g of fat  9 calories
Fuel of choice for flying
insects
Phospholipid
Steroids


Cholesterol
Hormones
Fatty acid
Phospholipid
Triglyceride
Steroid
Fatty acid
Proteins

Workers of the cell



Responsible for most
of what cells do
Diverse!
Amino acids



Building blocks
Dehydration synthesis
Polypeptide
Total
Calories
%Daily
Value
1280
Total Fat (g)
59
91
Saturated Fat (g)
16
79
Cholesterol (mg)
85
28
1420
59
Carbohydrates (g)
158
53
Dietary Fiber (g)
11
42
Protein (g)
33
-
Sodium (mg)
Protein Structure
Primary- amino acid sequence
 Secondary


Regular folding




 helix
 pleated sheet
Hydrogen bonding between O----+H-N on the
polypeptide backbone
Tertiary


Folding
Interactions between the side groups
Hydrophobic
interaction
Hydrogen
bonds
Tertiary
Structure
Disulfide
bridge
Ionic
bonds
Protein Structure

Quaternary


More than one polypeptide
More than one gene!
Protein Function

Structural support

Collagen, silk, keratin
Transport
Hormones
Insulin
Receptors
Defense
Antibody
Enzymes

A protein that does a special job

Thousands in the body

Catalyze reactions

Reusable
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?form=6&db=t&Dopt=s&uid=24928
ATPase
Nucleic Acid

DNA & RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, & more)

Store information for making protein

Genes – sequence that codes for a protein

Four nucleotide bases:

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Nucleotide
Nitrogen Base
Phosphate
Sugar
Polynucleotide
Hydrogen Bonds