Transcript Cell ENERGY & ENZYMES

CELL ENERGY & ENZYMES
CH. 5.10 - 5.16, CH. 6 & CH. 7
CELLS MUST CREATE AND/OR PROCESS
ENERGY USING CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
• ENZYMES:
• CATALYST: a
substance that
causes a
chemical
reaction to
______________
The substance
is not changed
or used up.
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
• Most enzymes are
____________________
• Act as a _____________
to accelerate reactions
• ______________________
changed in the process
ENZYMES
• ___________
for what they
catalyze
• Are _________
• End in “_____”
HOW DO ENZYMES WORK?
Enzymes work by ______________________, which lowers
the __________________________________
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
THE ENZYME–SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
Substrate
Joins
Enzyme
ACTIVE SITE
Active Site
Substrate
Enzyme
WHAT AFFECTS ENZYME ACTIVITY?
Three factors…
1.
2.
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
• Extreme __________________ are the most dangerous
• _________ (most “like” _______________, near neutral)
• ____________________________ (_________________)
COFACTORS & COENZYMES
Example: ____________ must be
present in the quaternary
structure of hemoglobin in
order for it to pick up oxygen.
2 TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS
1. Competitive inhibitors:
Substrate
Competitive inhibitor
Enzyme
2 TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS
2. Non-competitive inhibitors:
Substrate
Enzyme
active site
altered
Noncompetitive
Inhibitor
ENZYMATCH.COM
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PURPOSE OF ENZYMES:
• 1.
(ex. synthesis of DNA)
• 2.
(ex. digestion of foods)
• 3.
Enzymes A Fun Introduction:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X
TUm-75-PL4&feature=related
ANABOLIC VS. CATABOLIC
CATABOLIC REACTIONS
ANABOLIC REACTIONS
•
•
• Example:
Photosynthesis
• Example:
Cellular Respiration
MEMORY TRICK!
•A
•B
•C
•D
EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES
Enzyme Name
Job
Lipase
Breaks down lipids (fats)
Peptidase
Breaks down peptide ponds that hold amino acids
together (proteins)
Lactase
Breaks down lactose found in dairy products
Cellulase
Breaks down cellulose found in cell walls
Pectinase
Breaks down pectin found in cell walls
Polymerase
Builds DNA and RNA
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
www.unitedstreaming.com - “Lactose Intolerance”
GHScardinal
greenwich
Monosaccharide
• CATALASE is an enzyme found in living things. Its job is
to break down the poison hydrogen peroxide.
2 H 2O 2
•
•
•
•
Substrate(s)?
Enzyme?
Reactant (s)?
Product(s)?
catalase
2 H2 O + O 2
•
•
• OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE: a specific temperature at which
an enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest
DO ALL ORGANISMS HAVE THE SAME OPTIMUM
TEMPERATURE FOR THEIR ENZYMES?
An enzyme found
in Wild Alaskan
Salmon
An enzyme found
in Bacteria
An enzyme found
in Humans
THE SAME GOES FOR ______
• pH: Each enzyme works within a small pH range. When an enzyme is
NOT in its optimal pH environment the active site of the enzyme
changes shape.
• Acidic pH levels:
• Neutral pH level:
• Basic pH levels:
• OPTIMAL pH: a specific pH level at which an
enzyme’s catalytic activity is at its greatest.
DO ALL ENZYMES IN AN ORGANISM
HAVE THE SAME OPTIMUM PH?
Amylase
Pepsin
Trypsin
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN ENZYME REACHES PAST
IT’S OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE OR pH?
DENATURATION (denature):
Denatured proteins will not go back to their original shape!!
CELL ENERGY
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
• Photosynthesis:
• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
CHLOROPLAST
ANATOMY OF A CHLOROPLAST
HOW DOES THE CHLOROPLAST ABSORB
SUNLIGHT ENERGY?
• Pigments:
• Chlorophyll a (green)
• Chlorophyll b (green)
• Carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)
Chlorophylls absorb most
strongly in the ____________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
This is why plant parts that
contain chlorophyll
appear green to the
human eye.
Reactants
(Into the Chloroplast)
Word
Formula
Chemical
Formula
Products
(Out of the
Chloroplast)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
PART 1: LIGHT REACTION
PART 2: CALVIN CYCLE
THOMAS ENGELMANN’S EXPERIMENT
What is a valid conclusion
based on this graph?
O2 production decreases as
the wavelength increases
from 550 – 650 nm
Respiration rate in bacteria is
greatest at 550 nm
Photosynthetic rate in the
algae is greatest in blue light
The algae absorb the
greatest amount of O2 in red
light
THOMAS ENGELMANN’S EXPERIMENT
Photosynthetic rate in the
algae is greatest in blue light
Evidence:
1.
2.
3.
Animation of experiment
PHOTOSYNTHESIS DRAWINGS!
Photosynthesis Overview – Page 118
Light Reaction in detail – Page 114
Calvin Cycle in detail – Page 116
Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR
CELL ENERGY
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
BREAKS DOWN INTO MICROSCOPIC
MOLECULES
Loaf of bread
Bread crumbs
GLUCOSE’S FINAL DESTINATION…
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
The energy is released in the form of ___________!!!!
GLUCOSE
Cellular Respiration
ENERGY (ATP)
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
• ATP:
• Cellular Activities that require ATP:
•
•
•
•
Active Transport of the cell membrane
Making new DNA and new cells
Muscle contractions
Nerve impulses
Glucose
ATP
ATP FUNCTION
ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN:
The bond between the 2nd and 3rd
phosphate groups is broken,
forming a molecule called ADP
(adenosine diphosphate).
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Reactants
(Into
Mitochondria)
Word
Formula
Chemical
Formula
Products
(Out of Mitochondria)
WHAT TYPE OF ORGANISMS PERFORM
CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
AUTOTROPHS
HETEROTROPHS
•
•
• AKA: producer
• AKA: consumer, herbivore,
carnivore, decomposer,
omnivore
• Examples: plants, algae &
some bacteria
• Examples: animals, fungi, &
most bacteria
CELL RESPIRATION OVERVIEW
PART 1: GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS SUMMARY
TRANSITION TO KREBS / CITRIC ACID CYCLE
PART 2: KREBS / CITRIC ACID CYCLE
PART 3: OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
WITHOUT O2: FERMENTATION
CELL RESPIRATION REACTIONS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION DRAWINGS!
Cell Respiration Overview – Page 100
Glycolysis – Page 95
Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97
ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98
Fermentation – Page 101
Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR
YEAST - MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
Significance of Yeast
 Food Industry
 Medical
 Biofuel Industry
ILLUSTRATE INTERDEPENDENCE
• Illustrate the interdependent relationship that occurs between
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Performed by
• This cellular process occurs in
organelle called
organisms.
cells, in the
.
• Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy
• It is an
• CO2 and H2O are the
• Glucose and O2 are the
reaction.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Performed by
organisms.
&
• This cellular process occurs in
&
cells,
in the organelle called
.
• Glucose is stored energy for the cell. ATP is usable energy for the cell.
• It is a
• CO2 and H2O & ATP are the
• Glucose and O2 are the
reaction.