Transcript Energy Related Organelles

Energy Related Organelles
By:
Madison Greening, David Hughes,
Kathryn Butler, Kelsey Ivory
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells (including
plants, animals, fungi, protists)
Found only in plants and algae
Protists contain large mitochondria and fewer of
them, Egg cells can contain up to hundreds
of thousands of mitochondria
Chloroplasts have at least two membranes
separated by narrow inter-membrane spaces
They can measure anywhere between 2 to 8
micrometers in length and 1.5 micrometers in
diameter
They can measure anywhere between 2 to 5
micrometers
Mitochondria have two membranes; the interior
membrane is convoluted with inward folding
called cristae.
Chloroplasts contain stacks of thykoloids called
grana.
Continuously changing shape and reproducing
(mitochondria reproduce more often than
chloroplasts)
Continuously changing shape and reproducing
(occasionally pinch in two)
-Cellular respiration
-Contain mtDNA
-Free ribosomes (which work with the mtDNA to
manufacture enzymes which help with
cellular respiration)
-Photosynthesis
-Contains chloroplast genome (DNA)
-Free ribosomes
Located in the Cytoplasm
Located in the Cytoplasm
RELATED TO ALL OTHER ORGANELLES
(because all other organelles use energy to
function)
RELATED TO ALL OTHER ORGANELLES
(because all other organelles use energy to
function)
Mitochondria:
Chloroplast:
The sites of cellular respiration (the
metabolic process that generates ATP by
extracting energy from sugars, fats and
other fuels with the help of oxygen),
hormone synthesis, and heat generation in
brown fat cells (which are used to protect
young animals from the cold and are used
to bring hibernating animals out of
hibernation)
An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic
protists that absorb sunlight and uses it to drive the
synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide
and water.
6CO2 + 12H20 + Energy from light ->
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6C02 + 6H2O + Energy
Autotrophs (plants and algae) use energy from the sunlight to convert the
compounds CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates (like glucose) through photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic organisms (like us) are not capable of making our own food (unlike
autotrophs). The food we eat either comes directly from plants, or from animals that them,
themselves, eat/have eaten plants. Heterotrophs break the chemical bonds in food molecules
between glucose and oxygen, thereby returning CO2 and H2O to the environment, and as a
byproduct energy is released. This process takes place in the mitochondria and is referred to
as cellular respiration. This is what provides your body with energy.
Chloroplasts
•Dual membrane.
•Multiple stacks called Grana of disks called
Thylakoids.
•The Stroma surrounds the Grana and contains
DNA and other proteins which contribute to the
functioning of the organelle.
Plant cells without chloroplasts:
•In every plant and form of algae there are organelles
called "chloroplasts" which basically perform the opposite
function of the mitochondria.
•Chloroplasts also reproduce on their own and contain their
own DNA. Chloroplasts are nearly genetically identical to
cyanobacteria, formerly known as "blue green algae."
•Without chloroplasts, plants would be unable to produce
oxygen (or sugars/energy) from carbon dioxide (therefore
the plant would die, because its cells would not be getting
enough energy .
•Cyanobacteria were the first form of life to transpire and
create oxygen in the atmosphere.
Cypress Canker Infection:
Thermal stress in plants initially causes alterations in
chloroplast thylakoidal membranes, therefore interfering
with the process of photosynthesis.
Powdery Mildew Infection:
•Chloroplasts isolated from powdery mildew-infected sugar beet
leaves showed:
•A reduction in the rate of electron transport and in the
accompanying ATP formation
•Little or no change in the rate of ATP formation in cyclic
photophosphorylation.
•The inhibition of noncyclic photophosphorylation appeared to
lead in the parent leaves to a decreased rate of photosynthetic
CO2 assimilation and a change in products resulting in a relative
increase of amino acids.
•These changes were accompanied by alterations in chloroplast
ultrastructure and by a reduction in the activity of enzymes
necessary for the formation of organic acids.
•Basically this means the amount of CO2 being absorbed is
reduced. The structure of the chloroplasts have changed and
now produce less organic acids and more amino acids.
•(Definition by dictionary.com:
•Photophosphorylation: the synthesis of ATP from ADP and
phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed
during photosynthesis
•Ultrastructure: detailed structure of a biological specimen, such
as a cell, tissue, or organ
Mitochondria:
•Dual membrane.
•The inner membrane surrounds the Matrix.
•The Matrix is an area of highly concentrated
enzymes.
•The inner membrane is folded into Cristae, which
protrude into the Matrix of the organelle.
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
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KSS
Rare neuromuscular
Onset around 20 years old
Result of large amounts of mtDNA deletions (parts
of DNA missing)
Symptoms include: limitation of eye movement,
retina deterioration, drooping eyelids and an
accumulation of pigmented material in the ocular
membrane
Not inherited
No cure
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
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LHON
Inherited disease that causes vision loss
Result of mutations in mitochondrial genome
Passed from mother to all children because egg
provides embryo with mitochondria
Onset in teens/twenties
Effects males more
Symptoms: acute vision loss in one eye, a few
weeks later in the other eye, escalating to
severe optic atrophy (loss of fibers in optic
nerve)
No accepted treatment
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