Transcript pps - emcdda

Meth/amphetamines trends in stimulant
production and use in
Europe
Tomas Zabransky
Identifying Europe’s information needs for effective drug policy
Lisbon, 7th May, 2009
Structure of the presentation
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page 2
History of meth/amphetamine type stimulants
(ATS)
Recent history of ATS in Europe
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Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Some other EU countries
Neighbouring countries / countries of Eastern
partnership
Risks and challenges
How to understand better / respond in time?
Meth/amph trends in Europe
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Meth/amphetamines: fairly
traditional drugs
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Amphetamine: 1887 (Lazăr
Edeleanu)
Methamphetamine: 1919
(Ogata)
WW II use: amphetamine
(Allies) vs. methamphetamine
(Axis)
1940s post-war distribution of
the huge war surplus in US,
Europe, and Japan
1950s pharmaceutical wave:
anorectics and stimulants
(„good wife drug“)
Meth/amph trends in Europe
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Housework on meth
Mods on purple hearts and MSM
clubbers on meth
Recent global situation
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UNODC „guestimates“ production as high as 332
metric tons per year and 24 mil recent users
• 2.7 million Europe
• 4.3 million Americas
• 16.7 million Asia
• 1.8 million Africa
• 600 thousand in Oceania.
Principal drugs for: Australia, New Zealand, China, the
Czech Republic, Japan, the Philippines, Slovakia,
Sweden, Thailand, and the U.S.
CZ situation
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Iron curtain after 1948 cut off people, and
commodities – incl. psychotropic drugs
Use of pharmaceuticals with/out alcohol
1970s: simple formula of production of meth
(pervitin) reinvented, probably in Prague, and
quickly widespread into the Czech part of the
federation
Self-supporting „squads“ of 3-6 people sharing
supplying functions and production know-how
as typical phenomenon of pervitin production
and consumption
Meth/amph trends in Europe
12. 4. 2017
History (cont.)
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1984: estimated 30,000 „non-alcohol addicts“ in
Czechoslovakia; pervitin clearly prevailing
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1986: 1890 people arrested because of „drug
crimes,“ only 6 because of „drug sale“
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1990s and later: home-made opioids pushed
out by heroin and its hierarchically organized
suppliers quickly, but not so for meth… (so far)
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Meth/amph trends in Europe
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Prevalences (for country of 10 mil.)
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18-64 of age, 2004:
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Lifetime prevalence: 2.5% (22% THC)
Last year prevalence: 0.9% (9.3% THC)
ESPAD (16agers), 2007:
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LTP: 3.5% (45.1% cannabinoids)
LYP: 3.1% (34.8% cannabinoids)
Prevalence of problem use of pervitin, 2007:
21,000 meth PDUs out of all 31,000 PDUs
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(stable in last 10 years)
Immigrant (Russian speaking) drug users in
Prague (2007-8): 77% used meth in last month
Meth/amph trends in Europe
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Prevalences in night life / dance
culture setting
LTP in general population: 2,5%
LTP in dance scene: 47,6%
LMP between 2003 and 2007 increased
only in stimulants (and far less by
shrooms).
Frequency of use increased in general
(except alcohol), and in pervitin it
increased most.
30 days prevalence (%)
Heroin
Cocaine
Pervitin
2007
Shrooms
2003
LSD
XTC
THC
0
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Meth/amph trends in Europe
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10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
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Market/s and law enforcement
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Estimated annual
consumption (2005):
3,150 kg, of which 160
kg consumed in
recreational settings,
almost 3,000 kg by
PDUs
Price about 1000 CZK
(37 €) per 1 g stable for
last 15 years, as well as
purity (but average
income tripled)
Meth in Czech Republic
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Seizures: 6,15 kg in
374 seizure cases
(0,2 % of consumed)
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281 cases < 5 g
168 cases < 1 g
1178 „meth arrests“
in 2007 (59% of all
drug arrests)
593 (49% of all drug
cases) sentenced in
the same year
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Recent trends in CZ
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The majority of the meth is produced in
small scale kitchen settings – up to 5 grams
per week
Police provides isolated reports on export
of Czech meth and/or „cooks“ to
neighbouring countries persistent from mid
1990s (esp. Germany: „Czecho,“ Kristall“;
less so Austria)
In 2007 and 2008: the first cases of
„manufacture“ meth production in 2000s;
author of this ppt connects it directly to
increase in meth recreational use
New attempts for regulation of
pharmaceutical pseudo/ephedrine: limited
amount per month, connected with ID
Meth in Czech Republic
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Case of Slovakia: things can go
really fast
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Slovakia never experienced real epidemic in meth use during the
Czechoslovak federation and until early 2000s, but…
Positive meth urine tests in patients entering methadone treatment in Bratislava (Source:
CPLDZ 2008)
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SK - FTD
Numbers and composition of patients entering treatment due to their drug use in the
Slovak Republic
By the primary drug - first treatment ever
1000
900
80
21
800
110
17
700
Others
Cannabis
51
201
71
600
14
500
11
242
89
32
38
181
69
20
118
20
14
146
Volatile inhalants
Hallucinogenes
Hypnotics & Sedatives
251
Stimulants
Heroin & opioids
182 151
46
400
704
300
509 502
568
108
613
552
531
273
200
233 215 218
Polyuse
420
100
199 212 196
130 152
65
76
07
60
20
06
20
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
19
94
0
175
08
280
20
200
Source: Slovak National Centre for Health Information
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Sweden
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Amphetamine traditional, but
share of methamphetamine
seems to increase (2005-9
MA doubled to 14% in
specimen of minor
offenders)
Incidence: In the recent
study, of newcomers to
(alcohol / drugs / social care)
outpatient centres 30%
used meth/amphetamines,
25% XTC, 20% BZPs, 20%
cocaine, 7% heroin
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Meth/amph trends in Europe
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TRT Prevalence:
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34% among the reported
drug clients in treatment
outside prisons
heroin 22%
cannabis 20%
Clients treated in prisons
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amphetamines 36%
heroin 11% of the cases.
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Other EU countries
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Poland: amphetamines
have been a big issue
traditionally (reported
increased production in
bigger amounts from
2006), and in 2008 first
lab producing meth
discovered in Szczecin
In Lithuania, large-scale
labs are detected and
classical market sale is
reported by IDUs
Meth/amph trends in Europe
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Hungary: Number of
stimulants patients
doubled between 2000-6
(at 1500 patients)
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Increasing evidence from
other Baltic countries
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Police in those countries
connects it to Lithuanian
and Polish labs
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Central and Eastern European
countries
EXTREMELY RISKY IN TERMS OF COMMON JAR AND ADULTERANS
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Skyrocketing of
pseudo/ephedrine based
drugs use in Ukraine from
early 2000s – esp. young
injectors (68% of IDUs in Kiev
injected ATS within 1 month
prior to 2008 interview )
An explosion of the same
phenomena in Georgia: 2004
– 0 cases; 2008: most
frequently injected drugs by
PDUs in last month
Meth/amph trends in Europe
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Patterns of production similar
to Czech ones in terms of
„squads,“ but using fairly
primitive production patterns
for meth (jeff), and
Very easy „boiling“ of
methcathinone (boltushka)
with kalium and mangan
injected, and
Cathinone and ephedrine
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Risks and challenges
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The price makes
meth/amphetamines very
competitive in times of
economic crisis
The relative easiness of
making the drug/s and wide
spectre of possible
procedures (and precursors –
P/E, BMK, P2P, …) makes
them fairly available
Very quick changes at the
market possible
Meth/amph trends in Europe
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Injecting common for both
meth/amphetamine – BBDs
risk
Production patterns may
facilitate HIV transmission
(common jar)
Toxic waste as byproduct
The whole phenomenon
rather underestimated
Unintended consequences
of regulation measures
high: see US example/s
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Outlook for stimulant markets?
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Methamphetamine from
north-east, cocaine from
south-west?
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Price vs. reputation
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Economic crisis may
favourise the cheaper
product not dependent
on plant precursor
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How to monitor a fast drug phenomena
little dependent on plant precursors?
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Much of smoke,
limited fire?
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Maybe, but the
swiftness was
demonstrated in SK
(and HU, and GE)
Typically, when the
law enforcement and
treatment agencies
data catch the trend,
it is in full run already
Meth/amph trends in Europe
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The EMCDDA system is
well developed and
unique globally
But relies on quantitative
data, that, by definition
come too late
EWS…?
But first of all, „qualitative
monitoring“ is needed
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Ask those who know
Make qualitative
monitoring part of the
system
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Conclusions
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Meth/amphetamines are quite traditional in EU
and quick in changing drug use situations and
drug markets when entering it
Easy production and cheapness may create
strong potential for spread in the LARGE
stimulant market of EU
Technologies, and consumers are here…what
is the trigger?
We need a real-time monitoring, working in
much shorter periodicity / time lags.
Meth/amph trends in Europe
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Thank you for your attention!
copies of the presentation
at
[email protected]

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