Transcript Presentation

Administration of medicines
Introduction
Medicines are administered in two ways
Oral administration – through mouth
Parental administration – any another route other than oral
route. By oral method the medicines can be administered in the
liquid, solid and semisolid form.
Drenches
Drenches are medicines given in liquid form.
Horses
May be given by the mouth or through a stomach tube. For
administration of fluid medicines to horses, the stomach tube is used,
then a drenching bottle or a drenching – bit.
Cattle
The head is raised and the drencher is introduced in to the mouth,
allowing medicine to pass little at a time.
Pigs
The head is raised with the help of a rope. The medicine is
administrated through a drenching horn or through a funnel with a
curved spout.
Sheep
A drenching –gun is used to administer medicine to large numbers of
sheep. The does squirted into the back of the mouth by trigger action.
Cont…
Dogs
Make a pouch on one side of the dog’s mouth by drawing out
the cheek and pour the medicine into the pouch and compress
the nostrils with fore fingers and thumb. Drenching spoons and
bits are also used.
Cats
Both ears or the scruff is held and the head is forced back, then
the cat will open its mouth. The medicine is poured slowly in.
Birds
Fountain-pen filler may be used. Care must be taken not to
compress the chest.
Boluses and pills
Bolus can be administered either by hand or by balling-gun. The
bolus should weigh about loz.
Horses
The tongue is held outside of the mouth between the cheek teeth
and the right hand is introduced into the side of the horse’s mouth as
far back as possible and the bolus is drooped, in the throat.
The right hand is quickly withdrawn and the tongue is released.
Cattle
Bolus can be used for administering certain medicine to cattle.
If given by hand a gag must be used. For young cattle and claves a
balling may be used to administer bolus.
Pigs
Boluses are not usually given to pigs.
Pills and capsules may be given with a pair of curved forceps, and
a gag. The mouth should be opened by a gag and the pill can be
deposited on the back of the tongue.
Cont…
Sheep
Tablets, pill and small boluses are dropped on the back of the
tongue by hand or by a balling-gun.
Dogs
The pill can be administered in a bit of meat or butter. The pill can
also be placed in between chocolates and given to the animals.
Otherwise the mouth can be opened and the pill can be dropped
as far back in the throat and then the mouth should be closed and
held tight till be animal swallows the pill.
Cats
A specially designed forceps known as Kirk’s pill forceps may be
used for cats. Otherwise the animal’s ears are held by and. The head
is pressed forward and when the animal opens its mouth the pill can
be dropped into the animal’s throat.
Electuaries
These are thick semisolid mixture prepared with treacle and
placed on the back of the tongue. Powders are often given by this
method. This is a common way of giving medicines for respiratory
complaints.
Horses: the tongue is drawn out and the electuary is smeared on
the back of the tongue.
Cattle: The nostrils are held by assistant and the operator opens
the mouth of the animal. The electuary is smeared on the tongue.
Sheep: The sheep is held as for drenching and the electuary is
placed on the tongue.
Pigs: The animal is secured as for drenching. It is better to
administer medicine as electuary than as a drench.
Dogs and Cats: after opening the mouth of the animals, a bone
and teaspoon is used to administer the viscid mixtures.
Injections
Subcutaneous or hypodermic
Medicine is injected under the skin with a sterilized hypodermic
needle and syringe.
The rate of absorption is slow. This injection is given in the neck
region for equines and bovines, in the flank for dogs, in the wing
for poultry and in the back of ear or inside the thigh for pigs.
Intramuscular
It is administered directly into a muscle.
A longer and stouter needle is required. The needle is introduced
into the muscle by a sudden stab, near the neck or triceps or the
buttock muscles. Brisket is also suitable.
Intravenous
The medicine is injected into the jugular vein of horses and cattle
at a constant slow speed.
In the pig an ear vein or femoral vein may be used. In the dog,
the radial or the external saphenous vein may be used. In most
animals the jugular vein is the most suitable and convenient.
Cont…
Intraperitoneal
The drug is injected into the peritoneal cavity in large animals
by means of trocar and canula inserted into the upper part of the
left flank.
Intratracheal
The drug is injected directly into the trachea with a specially
made intratracheal needle or canula in certain conditions in
sheep eg. Parasitic bronchitis.
Intramammary infusions
A special s syringe (Teat siphon) is used, and the infusion made
into the teat canal in the mastitis. First the fore milk in the udder
is removed and then the antibiotics are infused.
Intrauterine
Antiseptic solutions are injected into the uterus to irrigate the
uterine cavity.