Transcript Psychology - Wando High School

Psychoactivity and
Dependence
Psychoactive Drug
A chemical substance that
alters perceptions, mood,
or
behavior
 3 common psychoactive drugs:

 Caffeine
 Alcohol
 Nicotine

Induce an altered state of
consciousness
Dependence
A state of
physiological and/or
psychological need
for a drug.
 Withdrawal follows if
the drug is
discontinued.

Physical Dependence vs.
Psychological Dependence
 Physical
dependence
 caused by repeated usage that
changes body chemistry
 Psychological dependence
 a pattern of habitual or compulsive
use of a drug in order to satisfy a
psychological need
Withdrawal
The discomfort and distress
that follow when a person
who is dependent on a drug
discontinues using.
 Withdrawal symptoms are
usually the reverse of the
drug’s effects.

Tolerance
Reduced responsiveness
to a drug
 Prompting the user to
increase the dosage
 To achieve effects
previously obtained by
lower doses of the drug

Drug Classifications
Five Psychoactive Drug Categories
 Five
different categories we will study:
Depressants
 Opiates
 Stimulants
 Hallucinogens
 Marijuana
Drug Classifications:
Depressants
Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural
activity and slow body
functioning.
 Includes:
 Alcohol
 Sedatives
 Barbiturates

Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
Found in beer, wine, and
liquor
 The second most used
psychoactive drug
(caffeine first)
 Slows thinking, and impairs
physical activity

Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)
A measure of how
much alcohol is in a
person’s bloodstream
 BAC of .08
considered legal
intoxication in most
states
 Men vs. Women?

Effects on the brain, alcohol Impairs:
The parts responsible for
controlling inhibitions and
making judgments.
 Memory by suppressing the
processing of events into
long term memory.
 REM sleep, further
disrupting memory storage.

Consequences of Chronic Drinking
 Heart
disease
 High blood pressure
 Brain damage
 Cirrhosis of the liver
 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Treatment of Alcoholism
 Detoxification/
abstinence syndrome
 Disulfuram/Anabuse
 Alcoholics
Anonymous
 Behavior therapy,
aversion therapy,
instruction in social
skills
Sedatives
Prescribed drugs by
doctors
 Reduce anxiety or
induce sleep
 Also called
tranquilizers
 Include barbiturates
and benzodiazepines
 Ambien

Barbiturates

Calming or sedating; used to
regulate high blood pressure, block
pain during surgery, and control
epileptic seizures

Can be lethal in overdose
Interact dangerously with other
drugs, especially alcohol
Impair both memory and
judgment



They are highly addictive and used
on the street to produce euphoria
Benzodiazepines
…without most of the side
effects associated with
barbiturates
 Include Valium and
Xanax
 Can create dependency
 Short term for anxiety
and insomnia

Rohypnol
“Date Rape Drug”
 Produces amnesia or
lose consciousness in
the occasional user
 White tablet, RH
 Colorless, tasteless,
odorless, dissolves
quickly
 10-15 minutes

Five Psychoactive Drug Categories
 Five
different categories we will study:
 Depressants
Opiates
 Stimulants
 Hallucinogens
 Marijuana
Drug Classifications:
Opiates
Opiates
Depress neural activity,
temporarily lesson pain
and anxiety.
 Called narcotics.
 Derived from the Poppy
plant
 Include: opium, morphine,
codeine and heroin

Morphine

Works by preventing pain neurons
from firing or releasing pain-signaling
neurotransmitters into the synapse.
Endorphins
Natural, opiate-like
neurotransmitters linked
to pain control and to
pleasure
 Body’s natural pain
killers
 Ways to release
Endorphins?

Heroin



Insatiable cravings of
dependence with repeated
use and abuse.
Tolerance develops quickly
Withdraw symptoms:





Intense pain
Hyperventilation
Depression
Explosive diarrhea
Thousands die each year
from overdoses just to
avoid the agony.
Heroin & Balloons
Make liquid form then inject…
Other Narcotics…
 Codeine
 Demerol
 Percodan
 Darvon
 Oxycontin
 Methadone
Five Psychoactive Drug Categories
 Five
different categories we will study:
 Depressants
 Opiates
Stimulants
 Hallucinogens
 Marijuana
Drug Classifications:
Stimulants
Stimulants
Drugs that excite neural
activity and speed up
body functions
 Include: caffeine,
nicotine, ecstasy,
amphetamines, and
cocaine
 Stimulants can cause
psychological and
physiological
dependence

Stimulant found in coffee,
chocolate, tea, and some soft
drinks
 Provides user with a sense of
increased energy, mental
alertness, and forced
wakefulness
 Blocks neurological receptor
sites that, if activated, sedate the
central nervous system


http://abcnews.go.com/Health/stor
y?id=6863173&page=1
Nicotine
Stimulant found
in tobacco
 Effects similar to
those of caffeine
 Very addictive and
does not stay in the
body very
long

Healthy vs. Unhealthy…
Cocaine
Stimulant derived from
leaves of the coca plant
 Snorted, injected,
ingested
 Crack – cocaine crystals
 Blocks neurotransmitters
 Dependency is quick and
severe; places extreme
strain on cardiovascular
system

Cocaine
Freebase Smoking Pipe
Amphetamines




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Speeding up body functions,
with associated energy and
mood changes
Not found in nature
Mimic adrenaline
Restlessness, loss of
appetite, agitation, insomnia
Includes: speed,
methamphetamines and
uppers.
Methamphetamine
Crank, Speed, Rock,
Ice, Beige Powder
 Injected, smoked,
snorted
 HIGHLY ADDICTIVE

http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/DrugIssue/MethResources/faces/index.html
Meth reduces the amount of protective saliva around
the teeth. Meth users also consume excess sugared,
carbonated soft drinks, tend to neglect personal
hygiene, grind their teeth and clench their jaws,
leading to what is commonly called “meth mouth.”
Teeth can eventually fall out.
Five Psychoactive Drug Categories
 Five
different categories we will study:
 Depressants
 Opiates
 Stimulants
Hallucinogens
 Marijuana
Drug Classifications:
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens
 Drugs
that produce
bizarre perceptions in
the absence of
corresponding sensory
input.
 Include: LSD and
ecstasy
 Sometimes called
“psychedelics”
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

Users can be dangerous
to themselves/others.

Acid Trip, “Trippin”
Timothy Leary & Ken Kesey



Time distortions, anxiety,
panic, “bad trips”, loss of
appetite, sleeplessness,
flasbacks
Pleasant, unpleasant,
nightmarish, deadly!!
Ecstasy
Hallucinogenic drug that
produces lower
inhibitions, pleasant
feelings, and greater
acceptance of others
 Also called MDMA
 Even moderate users
may experience
permanent brain
damage.

Other Hallucinogens





Psilocybin: Magic Mushrooms
PCP: Angel Dust
Inhalants: Rush
Cause frightening
hallucinations, feelings
of rage or paranoia.
Experience a dramatic
increase in strength
Five Psychoactive Drug Categories
 Five
different categories we will study:
 Depressants
 Opiates
 Stimulants
 Hallucinogens
Marijuana
Drug Classifications:
Marijuana
Marijuana
Derived from
cannabis plant
 Leaves, stems, resin,
and flowers form the
hemp plant that,
when smoked, lower
inhibitions and
produce feelings of
relaxation and mild
euphoria
 THC is the active
ingredient

Risks of Marijuana
Most widely used
illicit drug
 Increases heart rate &
blood pressure
 Impairs motor skills,
coordination, memory
& learning

Temporary pleasures… long term cost!
Smoke is harder on your lungs
 Accelerated brain cell loss
 Long term impaired memory
 Suppressed immune system
 Every hair is damaged!!!
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High School Drug Use
(Johnston & others, 2002)
Study shows….
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Alcohol and tobacco rank among
the ten most dangerous substances
used by humans.
More dangerous than drugs like
marijuana or ecstasy.
3 factors were considered in ranking
the harmfulness:
 Physical harm to the user
 Addictive potential of the drug
 Drug's overall impact on society
Ten most dangerous substances were deemed:
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Heroin - popular street names include smack, junk.
Cocaine - often referred to as snow, flake, coke, and blow.
Barbiturates - yellow jackets, reds, blues, Amy's, and rainbows.
Street Methadone
Alcohol
Ketamine - a powerful hallucinogen, referred to as Special K.
Benzodiazepines - a family of sedative drugs.
Amphetamines - known as greenies among baseball players.
Tobacco
Buprenorphine - also called bupe or subbies.
Remaining drugs assessed:
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Cannabis - includes marijuana.
Solvents - volatile substances that can be inhaled, such as glue,
nail polish remover, paints, hair spray, and lighter fuel
4-MTA - derivative of amphetamine, similar effects to ecstasy.
LSD
Methylphenidate - central nervous system stimulant, ritalin.
Anabolic steroids
GHB - short for Gamma hydroxybutyrate, a powerful central
nervous system depressant, known as the date rape drug.
Ecstasy
Alkyl nitrates - group of drugs commonly referred to as poppers.
Khat - an amphetamine-like stimulant.
Drugs end lives…

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The END
Neurotransmitters and the Synapse
Inhalants



Amyl & butyl
nitrite/nitrate
Correction fluid
Hydrocarbons/
gasoline, glue,
paint thinner,
rubber cement
Common Barbiturates
Amobarbital
 Phenobarbital
 Secobarbital
 Methaqualone (brand names— Quaalude
and Sopor; street names include “ludes”
and “soprs”) is a sedative that has effects
similar to those of barbiturates

www.drugfree.org
www.gdcada.org
www.nicd.us
www.drugs.indiana.edu