Transcript Chapter 12, Hallucinogens PowerPointx

HISTORY OF HALLUCINOGENS
Throughout the ages, individuals who saw visions or experienced
hallucinogens were believed to being holy or sacred, as receiving
divine messages, or possibly as being bewitched and controlled by
the devil. There are many indications that medicine men, shamans,
witches, oracles, mystics and priests of various groups were familiar
with drugs and herbs that caused such experiences and today are
known as hallucinogens ( National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA]
2001).
HISTORY OF HALLUCINOGENS CONTINUED
Psychedelic drugs became popular when some medical professionals, such as; Harvard
psychology professor Timothy Leary, reported that these drugs allowed users to get
in touch with themselves and achieve a peaceful inner serenity ( Associated Press
1999).
Natural psychedelics became publicized, such as mescaline and peyote, and had been
used on a frequent basis for religious purposes by the Native American culture.
Native Americans believed that it was a gift from god that would make them closer
with him. They also praised him in ceremonies where the peace pipe is used for
sacramental purposes as well.
The first organized peyote church was the First-Born Church of Christ, incorporated in
1914 in Oklahoma. The Native American Church of the United States were
chartered in 1918 and is the largest such group at present, approximately holding
100,000-200,000 members.
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NATURE OF HALLUCINOGENS
What constitutes a hallucinogenic agent? There has been no agreements thus far, for
several reasons;
 A variety of seemingly unrelated drug groups can produce hallucinations, delusions,
or sensory disturbances under certain conditions
▫ anti-cholinergics
▫ cocaine
▫ amphetamines
▫ steroids
( All can produce hallucinations on high doses)
 Responses to even the traditional hallucinogens can vary from person to person and
from experience to experience
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NATURE OF HALLUCINOGENS CONTINUED
 Multiple mechanisms are involved in the actions of these drugs, which contribute to
the array of responses that they can cause. These drugs influence the complex inner
workings of the human mind and have been described as a psychedelic,
psychotogenic, or psychotomimetic.
Psychedelics- substances that expand or heighten perception and consciousness
Psychotogenics- substances that initiate psychotic behavior
Psychotomimetics- substances that cause psychosis-like symptoms (psychosis
mimicking), and used in medicine today
 The features of hallucinogens that distinguish them from other drug groups are their
ability to alter perception, thought, and feeling in such a manner that does not
normally occur except in dreams or during extreme religious exalterations (NIDA
2009)
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HALLUCINOGENS
Possible Signs Of Use
Extreme Reactions
Heightened Senses
Increased Body Temperature
Loss of Control
Electrolyte Imbalance
Loss of Identity
Cardiac Arrest
Illusions and Hallucinations
A Nightmare like Trip (LSD)
Altered Perception of Time and Distance
Unable to Direct Movement, Feel Pain, or
Remember
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HALLUCINOGENS
Typical users experience several stages
of sensory experiences. The four
stages are as follows;
1. Heightened, exaggerated senses
(Altered Senses)
2. Loss of Control (Bad Trip)
3. Self-Reflection (User becomes
aware of thoughts and feelings long
hidden beneath the surface,
forgotten, and/or repressed
4. Loss of Identity and Cosmic
Merging (Mystical-spiritual aspect
of the drug experience)
TYPES OF HALLUCINOGENIC AGENTS
Traditional Hallucinogens:
LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. It
was discovered in 1938 and is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot,
a fungus that grows on rye and other grains.
Peyote is a small, spineless cactus in which the principal active ingredient is mescaline.
This plant has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United
States as a part of religious ceremonies. Mescaline can also be produced through
chemical synthesis.
Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is obtained from certain types of
mushrooms that are indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of South America,
Mexico, and the United States. These mushrooms typically contain less than 0.5 percent
psilocybin plus trace amounts of psilocin, another hallucinogenic substance.
PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Its use has
since been discontinued due to serious adverse effects.
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TYPES OF HALLUCINOGEN AGENTS CONTINUED
Tryptamines- molecules that resemble the neurotransmitter serotonin that have
hallucinogenic properties and can exist naturally in herbs, fungi, and animals
Foxy- the synthetic substance chemically named 5-methoxy-N,Ndiisopropyltryptamine is a relatively new hallucinogen and has been used at
raves and clubs in Arizona, California, New York, and Florida
Nutmeg- high doses of nutmeg can be quite intoxicating, causing symptoms such
as drowsiness, stupor, delirium, and sleep
TYPES OF HALLUCINOGEN AGENTS CONTINUED
Phenylethylamine Hallucinogens:
Dimethoxymethylamphetamine- The basic structure (DOM or STP) is amphetamine.
It is a fairly powerful hallucinogen that seems to work through mechanisms
similar to those found with mescaline and LSD
“Designer” Amphetamines- Hybrid actions as psychedelic stimulants and described as
a unique experience by drug abusers as a “smooth amphetamine” or entactogen
(drug that enhances the sensation and pleasure of touching)
3,4- Methylenedioxyamphetamine- (MDA) First synthesized in 1910 and structurally
related to both mescaline and amphetamine
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine- (MDMA) Modification of MDA but is thought to
have more psychedelic and less stimulant activity (euphoria)
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TYPES OF HALLUCINOGEN AGENTS CONTINUED
Anticholingeric Hallucinogens:
Atropa Belladonna- Drug used by early folklore (Greeks) this plant has been used
by assassins and murderers
Mandragora Officinarum: The Mandrake- contains several active psychedelic
alkaloids (hysoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, and mandragorine) used as a
love potion for centuries because of it’s toxic properties and recommended as a
sedative to relieve nervousness conditions and relieve pain (Schultes and
Hofmann 1980)
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PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HALLUCINOGENS
The risks associated sense of distance and estrangement, depression, anxiety,
paranoia, violent behaviors, confusion, suspicion, loss of control,
flashbacks, psychosis, lethargic and disoriented (as in a catatonic state)
The physical effects and risks associated, include increased heart rate and
blood pressure, sleepiness and tremors, lack of muscle coordination,
incoherent speech, decreased awareness of touch and pain, coma heart
and lung failure, and even death.
Santoro, DeLetis and Bergman 2001
TREATMENT FOR HALLUCINOGEN ABUSE
While there is no specific protocol for
hallucinogens, there are medications
that can calm the body and mind
during withdrawal and then, if
necessary, handle any psychological
shifts caused by the absence of the
drug. Other addiction treatment
therapies will be necessary for the
addict to learn to live without using
drugs for mind-altering, recreational
reasons. Most hallucinogen addicts
use other drugs as well and may need
to be treated for addiction to other
substances.
Recovery Connection, 2005-2013
REFERENCES:
1) Chapter 12 – Hallucinogens in textbook
2) Viewed the PowerPoint presentation on hallucinogens
3) Viewed the History Channel series on hallucinogens. History of LSD Part 1, History of LSD Part
2, History of LSD Part 3, History of LSD Part 4
4) Viewed Erowids Psychoactive Vaultson on hallucinogens
5)
http://www.recoveryconnection.org/about-us/
6) http://www.erptherapy.com/info-hallucinogens.asp
7) Viewed video on LSD
8) Viewed website for Office of National Drug Control Policy on Hallucinogens.