Transcript Sensation and Perception - Reading Community Schools

Sensation and Perception
The Basics
• What is sensation?
– Stimulation of sensory receptors and the
transmission of sensory information to the central
nervous system.
-HUH?
Sensory receptors are located along the spine and
organs such as eyes and ears.
More BA6
• If that’s sensation Mr. Reardon, then what is
Perception because I sure am lost.
• Perception
– The psychological process through which we
interpret sensory stimulation
– WHAT?
Components of Perception and
Perception
• Absolute Threshold
– The weakest amount of stimulus that can be
sensed.
– Dog whistle example (see Jesse)
– Can differ from person to person
– This can effect the way we see the world
Components of Perception and
Perception
• Difference Threshold
– The minimum amount of difference between two
stimuli
– Stimuli need to be differentiated in order to
distinguish what we need to hear versus noise
– Can my music people please pay attention to my
next example?....Please?
Components of Perception and
Perception
• Signal Detection Theory
– A method that distinguishes stimuli that takes into
account not only strengths but also elements such
as setting physical state and attitudes.
– Please pay attention to the following instruction
Components of Perception and
Perception
• Sensory Adaption
– The process by which we become more sensitive
to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging
stimuli
– Sounds of the country vs. Sounds of the city
Perception
• What is perception?
– Remember your stories and many other
memories? How to you perceive them?
– Difference between Sensation and Perception?
– Why is this a major part of psychology?
It’s not you…….It’s me
• The first rule of perceptual organization is
known as:
• Closure
– The tendency to perceive a complete or whole
figure when there are gaps in what your senses
tell you.
Oh, now I see it
• Figure ground perception
– Perception of figures against their background.
– Look out the window tell me what you see?
– We see objects against the background
Rules of Organization
• 1. Proximity
– People are influenced on how they perceive
objects based on the proximity of them.
– Take a look
Other Rules of Organization
• Similarity
– People think of objects as being similar to each
other.
– See the Next Example
Other Rules of Organization
• Continuity
– People see smooth continuous patterns rather
than disrupted ones
– See the Next Example
Other Rules of Organization
• Common Fate
– When you see things moving together, you tend to
perceive them as belonging together.
Perception Activity
• Take a look at the following pictures and write
down a gut response….you have 30 seconds to
write three words to describe your feelings.
• Next we will go back to the picture to further
interpret what is going on in the picture
• Next get with one partner and you each will
describe what is go
Sleep and Dreams
• We are asleep an average of 1/3 of our lives.
• Why do we sleep, why do we dream
• Why do we experience nightmares
Clocks
• Circadian Rhythms
These are functions for how we live, or
biological clocks.
• These rhythms include bodily changes such as
body temp, blood pressure, and sleepiness.
• They usually operate on a 24-hour day schedule
• For example, your body temp is at its lowest
between 3 and 5am everyday.
Clocks
• The most studies of these rhythms is that of a
sleep wake cycle.
• We associate our days with clocks and light, when
in reality we are living on this clock and given
cues for when we should be asleep or awake.
• If this cycle is hindered, the clock expands to 25
hours.
Stages of sleep
• When we are fully awake we emit beta waves,
which are short and quick.
• When we become drowsy and tired we go
from beta to alpha waves.
This cycle includes flashing of images or
colors and a sensation of falling.
Stages of Sleep
• The move to alpha waves leads us into stage 1
• Stage 1:
Lightest sleep
Go from Alpha to Theta waves
We resemble vivid images and sensations
and if are awakened may seem like we
were
never asleep
Stages of Sleep
• We remain in stage 1 for 30-40 mins if not
awakened.
• We move into stages 2,3, and 4
Stages 3 and 4 are the deepest sleep (delta
waves) and is the hardest to wake
someone
up from.
Stages of Sleep
• After about a half hour of stage 4 sleep, we begin
to return to level 3 quickly then 2 and finally 1.
• 90 mins will have passed since we fell asleep and
something strange begins to happen to us.
• We breathe irregularly, blood pressure rises,
heart beats faster, but it is not stage 1 but
another stage of sleep….
REM
• Rapid Eye Movement
– Beneath our closed lids our eyes are moving
rapidly
– During a typical night of 8 hour sleep, most people
go through these stages up to 5 times each
constitutes 1 sleep cycle.
– The final period of REM sleep may last a half hour
to an hour.
GO TO BED
• If you are not sleeping and are deprived of
REM sleep, tend to try and catch up from that
REM time they missed.
• Seems to serve a psychological function for
people and animals.
• Those who get REM sleep tend to learn faster
and are “sharper”
Drugs and Consciousness
• Drugs have different effects on individuals. Some
drugs can slow a person down while others can
spur them into rapid action
• Addiction is when a person takes a drug long
enough that the body then craves it to feel
normal.
• Alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs are considered
addictive.
Depressants
• Depressants are drags that slow the activity of
the nervous system and generally give people
a sense of relaxation and can have negative
effects.
• Two types of depressants are
– Alcohol
– Narcotics
Alcohol
• Small doses can be relaxing to an individual and
high doses can put someone to sleep. Too much
can be lethal.
• Intoxication is another word for drunkenness and
can poison the body and brain.
• Effects:
–
–
–
–
Slurring speech
Loss of Coordination
Judgment
Actin da fool
Narcotics
• Narcotics are addictive substances/depressants
that have been used to relieve pain and induce
sleep
– Heroine, Morphine, Codeine
The use of this drug can impair judgment and
consciousness as well as have lethal effects
Withdraws can lead to a deep drop into depression and
cause chills, rapid heartbeat, insomnia, vomiting.
Stimulants
• Stimulants increase activity of the nervous
system and can speed up heart/breathing rate.
• Nicotine
– This stimulant can spur a release of the hormone
adrenaline which causes heart rate to increase and
,make people feel more alert and attentive.
– Decreases Appetite
– People who quit may become nervous, drowsy,
headaches, etc.
Amphetamines
• This is another kind of stimulant that are
known for helping people stay awake as well
as reducing appetite
• First used by soldiers in WWII in order to stay
awake during the night.
• If taken in high doses this “high” can last for
days at a time.
• The “crash can be devastating and can lead a
person into a deep depression and fatigue.
Amphetamines
• High Doses may also effect ones
consciousness and can alter ones state of
mind.
• Hallucination- is a perception of an object or a
sound that seems real but it is not. (Bugs
crawling on them)
• Delusion- a false idea that seems real. (Chased
by someone)
Cocaine
• This drug can release feelings of pleasure,
reduce hunger, deaden pain, and boosts selfconfidence.
• Cocaine can cause muscle loss and lining of
the nose and heart to deteriorate
• Crack is a more powerful and chemically
impure form of the drug that can cause more
problems based on its impurity
Hallucinogen
• Hallucinogen is a drug that produces
hallucinations as well as feelings of relaxation
and pleasure.
• Marijuana
– Impairs perception and coordination making it
difficult to operate machinery
– Increases heart rate
– May become confused or lose sense of self.
LSD
• Also known as acid and can produce intense
hallucinations
• “Open New Worlds”
• Intense negative symptoms that can lead to tragic
results
• “Flashbacks”
4 Types of Treatment
• 1. Detoxification
• 2. Maintenance Programs
• 3. Counsling
• 4. Support Groups