Transcript Visualizing Psychology

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Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Visualizing
Psychology
by Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 5: Consciousness
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Lecture Overview

Consciousness, Sleep,
and Dreaming

Psychoactive Drugs

Altering Consciousness
Through Meditation and
Hypnosis
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming

Consciousness:
an organism’s
awareness of its
own self and
surroundings
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming

Altered State of
Consciousness
(ASC): mental
state, other than
ordinary waking
consciousness,
found during sleep,
dreaming,
psychoactive drug
use, hypnosis, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Circadian Rhythms

Circadian Rhythms: biological changes
occurring on a 24-hour cycle


Our energy level, mood, learning, and alertness
all vary throughout the day.
Sections of the hypothalamus called the
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal
gland regulate these changes.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Circadian Rhythms (Continued)

Disrupted circadian rhythms
from shift work, jet lag, and
sleep deprivation may cause
alterations in mood,
concentration, motivation,
attention, and motor skills.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking

What happens
to humans and
other animals
while we sleep
and dream?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Stages of Sleep

NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
 Stage 1 (lightest sleep)
 Stage 2 (deeper sleep)
 Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep)

REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
 Light sleep (also called paradoxical
sleep)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Stages of Sleep (Continued)

NREM (non-REM) sleep:
 includes Stages 1 through 4
 involves lower-frequency brain waves,
decreased pulse and breathing,and
occasional, simple dreams
 serves a biological need (NREM needs
met before REM needs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming :
Stages of Sleep (Continued)

REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep:
 also known as paradoxical sleep.
 involves high-frequency brain waves,
increased pulse and breathing, large
muscle .
 serves a biological need.
 may play a role in learning and
consolidating new memories.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Research

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
The
electroencephalogram
(EEG), is a
common tool
for sleep
research.
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review

Judging by the
cat’s posture,
can you identify
the photo
showing REM
sleep?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Over the Life Span
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming: Average
Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Why Do We Sleep?

Evolutionary/Circadian Theory: sleep

evolved to conserve energy and as protection
from predators
Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us
recuperate – physically, emotionally, and
intellectually – from depleting daily activities
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Why Do We Dream?



Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised
symbols (manifest versus latent content) of
repressed desires and anxieties
Biological Theory (activation-synthesis hypothesis):
dreams are simple by-products of random
stimulation of brain cells
Cognitive Theory: dreams improve information
processing
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Sleep Disorders
Two major categories:
1.
Dyssomnias: problems
in amount, timing, and
quality of sleep
2.
Parasomnias:
abnormal disturbances
during sleep
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Three Forms of Dyssomnias



Insomnia: persistent
problems in falling
asleep, staying asleep,
or awakening too early
Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets
of sleep during normal waking hours
Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of
breathing during sleep
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Narcolepsy in Dogs
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming:
Two Forms of Parasomnias

Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams
occurring near the end of sleep, during REM
sleep

Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from
NREM sleep accompanied by intense
physiological arousal and feelings of panic
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs

Psychoactive
Drugs:
chemicals that
change conscious
awareness, mood,
or perception
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs:
Important Terms

Drug Abuse: drug taking
that causes emotional or
physical harm to the
individual or others

Addiction: compulsion to
use a specific drug or to
engage in a certain
activity
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs:
Important Terms

Psychological Dependence:
mental desire or craving to
achieve effects produced by
drug

Physical Dependence:
changes in bodily processes
that make a drug necessary
for minimum daily functioning;
withdrawal and tolerance may
occur
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs:
Important Terms (Continued)


Withdrawal: discomfort
and distress experienced
after stopping the use of
addictive drugs
Tolerance: decreased
sensitivity to a drug
brought about by its
continuous use
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work

Step 1. Alter the production or synthesis of
neurotransmitters.

Step 2. Change the storage or release of
neurotransmitters.

Step 3. Alter the reception of neurotransmitters.

Step 4. Change the deactivation (block the
reuptake or break-down) of excess
neurotransmitters.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
How Psychoactive Drugs Work
(Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
1. Depressants:
act on the CNS
to suppress
bodily
processes and
reduce overall
responsiveness
(e.g., alcohol,
valium)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants
(Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
2. Stimulants:
act on the CNS
to increase
bodily
processes
(e.g., caffeine,
nicotine,
cocaine)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?

You’ll know how
methamphetamine
destroys the teeth
and gums of
chronic users.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates
3. Opiates:
act as an
analgesic or pain
reliever (e.g.,
morphine, heroin)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens
4. Hallucinogens:
produce sensory
or perceptual
distortions called
hallucinations
(e.g., LSD,
marijuana)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life:
Club Drug Alert!

Popular “Club Drugs:”
 Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol)
 MDMA (Ecstasy)
 GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate)
 Special K (Ketamine)
 Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine)
 LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Altering Consciousness Through
Meditation and Hypnosis

Meditation: group of
techniques designed to
refocus attention, block
out all distractions, and
produce an ASC
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Altering Consciousness Through
Meditation and Hypnosis


Meditation increases
coordination between
brain hemispheres and
results in faster and
more powerful gamma
waves
Physiological changes
in heart rate, oxygen
consumption, sweat
gland activity, and brain
activity also occur
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Altering Consciousness Through
Meditation and Hypnosis

Hypnosis:
trancelike state
of heightened
suggestibility,
deep relaxation,
and intense
focus
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Altering Consciousness Through
Meditation and Hypnosis (Continued)

Hypnosis is
used to treat
chronic pain,
severe burns,
dentistry,
childbirth,
psychotherapy.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?
 You’ll recognize the following
myths about hypnosis:
 Forced hypnosis
 Unethical behavior
 Exceptional memory
 Superhuman strength
 Fakery
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Visualizing
Psychology
by Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 5: Consciousness
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology