Notes on Residuals
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Transcript Notes on Residuals
A medical researcher wishes to determine how the dosage
(in mg) of a drug affects the heart rate of the patient.
Dosage
Heart rate
0.125
95
0.2
90
0.25
93
0.3
92
0.35
88
0.4
80
0.5
82
1. Find the correlation coefficient &
interpret it.
2. Find & interpret the slope.
3. Find & interpret the y-intercept.
4. Give the least squares regression line.
A medical researcher wishes to determine how the dosage
(in mg) of a drug affects the heart rate of the patient.
Dosage
Heart rate
0.125
95
0.2
90
0.25
93
0.3
92
0.35
88
0.4
80
0.5
82
1. Find the correlation coefficient & interpret
it.
βπ. ππππππ
π=
= βπ. ππ
π
2. Find & interpret the slope.
ππ
π. ππ
π = π = βπ. ππ
= βππ. ππ
ππ
π. πππ
For every additional mg the heart rate
decreases by 38.56 bpm.
3. Find & interpret the y-intercept.
π = π β ππ
π = ππ. ππ β βππ. ππ . πππ
π = πππ. ππ
4. Write LSRL:
π―ππππ πΉπππ = πππ. ππ β ππ. ππ π«πππππ
RESIDUALS
Section 3.2B
Residuals
β’ Variation in the y values can be effectively
explained when the residuals are small β
close to the line.
β’ Remember a residual = observed β exp.
β’πππππ
πππ = π β π
The equation to explain the relationship between drug
dosage and heart rate is shown below.
π―ππππ πΉπππ = πππ. ππ β ππ. ππ π«πππππ
Dosage
Heart rate
0.125
95
0.2
90
0.25
93
0.3
92
0.35
88
0.4
80
0.5
82
1. Find the predicted value for a dosage
of 0.4 mg.
2. Find the residual for (0.4, 80).
The equation to explain the relationship between drug dosage
and heart rate is shown below.
Find the residuals for each value.
π―ππππ πΉπππ = πππ. ππ β ππ. ππ π«πππππ
Dosage
Heart rate
0.125
95
0.2
90
0.25
93
0.3
92
0.35
88
0.4
80
0.5
82
* The sum of the residuals is always zero!
π¦
π¦βπ¦
Residual Plot
β’ It is a scatterplot of the residuals vs the explanatory
variable.
β’ They help us to assess how well a regression line fits the
data.
β’ The residual plot should show no obvious pattern
β’ The residuals should be relatively small.
The equation to explain the relationship between drug dosage
and heart rate is shown below.
Find the residuals for each value.
π―ππππ πΉπππ = πππ. ππ β ππ. ππ π«πππππ
π¦
π¦βπ¦
Dosage
Heart rate
0.125
95
95.47
-0.47
0.2
90
92.58
-2.578
0.25
93
90.65
2.35
0.3
92
88.72
3.278
0.35
88
86.79
1.206
0.4
80
84.87
-4.866
0.5
82
81.01
0.99
* The sum of the residuals is always zero!
Residual Plot
Dosage Residual Plot
4
3
2
1
Residuals
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
Dosage
0.4
0.5
0.6
Height vs Shoe size β residual plot
Good residual plot β show relatively
no pattern.
Good or Bad
Standard Deviation of the Residuals
β’ It represents the approximate size of a
βtypicalβ or βaverage prediction error
(residual).
β’ Formula: π π =
π π =
πππ πππ’πππ 2
πβ2
π¦βπ¦ 2
πβ2
The equation to explain the relationship between drug
dosage and heart rate is shown below.
Find the standard deviation of the residuals.
π―ππππ πΉπππ = πππ. ππ β ππ. ππ π«πππππ
π¦
π¦βπ¦
π¦βπ¦
Dosage
Heart rate
0.125
95
95.47
-0.47
0.2209
0.2
90
92.59
-2.578
6.6461
0.25
93
90.65
2.35
5.5225
0.3
92
88.72
3.278
10.745
0.35
88
86.79
1.206
1.4544
0.4
80
84.87
-4.866
23.678
0.5
82
81.01
0.99
0.9801
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Homework
*Page 191 (43, 45, 55, 60, 62)