Transcript hallucinogens

Hallucinogens
Outline
Hallucinogens terminology
The origin of hallucinogens
LSD
Psilocybin
Nutmeg and mice
Treatment
Terminology
• Terms referring to hallucinogens can be confusing because
many terms have been used to describe drugs with
hallucinogenic characteristics.
• The word hallucinogens refers to drugs that have the
potential to produce hallucinations.
• Generally, these are chemicals that alter thoughts, feelings
and perceptions.
• Many of these result in hallucinations only when they are
taken in large quantities.
Terms Describing Hallucinogens:
 Phantasticants: Drugs having stimulating and
inebriating properties.
 Psychedelic: Mind-manifesting.
 Psychotomimetic: Psychotic-like.
 Psychotogenic: Psychosis-generating.
The Origin of Hallucinogens
 Almost all drugs that have
hallucinogenic properties are
derived from plants.
 Two exceptions are LSD and
methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA) or ecstasy, which are
produced synthetically.
Amanita muscaria:
 One of the earliest and
most common
hallucinogens is the
mushroom Amanita
muscaria also called “fly
agaric“
Saint Anthony’s Fire
• A plant with hallucinogenic properties that was used by ancient
Greeks in religious rituals is a fungus of the genus Claviceps, which
grows on certain cereals, especially rye.
• Reports of ergot poisoning –ergotism– killing thousands of people
surfaced during the middle ages.
 Ergotism is marked by:
• Hallucinations, convulsions, epileptic symptoms, and delirium;
gangrene leading to occasional loss of nose, ears, fingers, toes and
feet; and possible death. Pregnant women would miscarry after
ingesting this poisonous fungus.
Cont.
• The epidemic was called the “Holy
Fire,” because people had burning
sensation in their hands and feet. To
end the destruction, people went on
pilgrimages to the shrine of Saint
Anthony, the patron saint of fire,
epilepsy and infection.
• The epidemics which came to be
known as Saint Anthony’s Fire, ended
with a change in diet that excluded
rye.
LSD
What is LSD?
• LSD is the most powerful hallucinogen, Hence, its dosages
are measured in micrograms. Tolerance develops rapidly.
Thus, people cannot experience the effects of LSD if they
have taken it within the previous three or four days. LSD
which is consumed orally is absorbed through the
gastrointestinal tract metabolized by the liver, and quickly
excreted. LSD has no taste color or odor.
• LSD operates on the neurotransmitter serotonin in the
brain. Serotonin plays a role in sensory perception and
mood.
Cont.
• LSD is taken differently today when it was first
introduced. Today it consists of microdots or
diluted drops that typically are placed on blotter
paper and licked. Its effects begin within an hour.
Behavioral effects lasts 6 to 8 hours. Despite
adverse publicity no fatal overdoses are
documented.
• Synesthesia is the blending of senses in
which the person hears or tastes colors and
sees sounds, is one outcome of LSD.
Brief Physiological Effects of LSD
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Dilation of pupil
Increased blood pressure
Increased salivation
Dry mouth
Twitching
Dizziness
Rapid heart beat
8. Slight tremors
9. Higher body
temperature
10. Fatigue
11. Muscle weakness
12. Numbness
13. Nausea
14. Uterine contractions
Phases of LSD Tripping
• Psychological changes take effects for about 40 minutes after
ingestion, the LSD trip consists of the following three distinct
phases:
1. The first phase, lasting 1 to 2 hours, is marked by euphoria and
either crying or laughing.
2. In the second stage, 2 to 3 hours after ingestion, visual illusions
and hallucinations appear.
3. The third phase, 3 to 4 hours after ingestion, is characterized by
distortion of time, ego disintegration, mood swings, and
occasionally panic and depression.
LSD and Mental Illness
• One of the first uses of LSD was to study mental illness,
especially schizophrenia. This line of research was
abandoned because people who were given LSD did
not have the distorted thinking pattern found in
schizophrenics.
LSD and Creativity
• Because LSD affects perception
strongly some people, especially
artists, believe it enhances creativity.
• A limitation in determining whether
LSD has such effect in the creativity is
difficult to measure.
• LSD does not seem to improve
creativity, although artists who has
taken it largely seem to enjoy its
effect.
Psilocybin
What is Psilocybin?
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Psilocybin is drugs that seems to be
making a resurgence in USA is magic
mushrooms or “shrooms.”
The Aztecs called mushrooms
containing psilocybin teonanacatl
which translates in “God’s Flesh.”
Several species of mushrooms
containing psilocybin grow in parts of
USA, Mexico, Europe.
Cont.
• Psilocybin is similar chemically to LSD, although its
effects are shorter and are not as intense.
• Psilocybin can by consumed orally in the form of dried
mushrooms, by drinking a beverage containing
mushrooms
OR in tablet form.
• It can be ground up and added to foods.
• After psilocybin is ingested stomach enzyme convert it
into Psilocin.
Cont.
• No fatal overdose from
psilocybin have been
recorded.
• A person can die from
ingesting other types of
mushrooms, though, and it is
easy to mistake a poisonous
mushroom for psilocybin.
Cont.
• In small dose (4mg) psilocybin bring
about feeling of euphoria and relaxation.
• Psilocybin has an unpleasant taste.
• The hallucinations produced by psilocybin
are both visual and auditory.
Potential Effects Of Psilocybin
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Euphoria
Easily distracted
Difficulty concentrating
Elevated body temperature
Pulse rate increase
Wide range of emotion
Involuntary movement of
limbs
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Relaxation
Open to suggestion
Pupils dilate
Blood pressure increase
Muscle relaxation
Hallucinations
Cont.
• Psilocybin appears to slow brain activity, which may be
beneficial in treating depression.
• The user experiences hallucinogenic effect within 30 min,
and these last 3 to 8 hours.
• Psilocybin has no current medical use.
• It has been found that psilocybin may reduce the effects
of alcohol when they are taken simultaneously.
Anticholinergic
Hallucinogen:
Nutmeg & Mace
Nutmeg and mace
Nutmeg is made from seeds of the Myristica tree and mace comes
from the fruit of the same tree .
Nutmeg and mace are not taken for hallucinogenic reasons
because their unpleasant side effects include
Vomiting •
Severe headache •
Tachycardia •
Nausea •
Myristicin substance found in nutmeg and mace: chemically similar to mescaline and capable of
producing hallucinations
Datura
Belladonna
Nutmeg
Mandrake
Mace
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Dimethltryptamine (DMT) is derived from the leaves , bark ,and
seeds of various plant grown in south and central America that
contain that substance .
Natives using DMT would snort or blow it into each others noses.
[ The hallucinogenic effects last 1 to 2 hours. ]
*Euphoria and behavioral stimulation are associated with DMT.*
*Unlike other hallucinogens, tolerance to DMT does not
develop.*
DMT has been studied to determine whether it helps people recover from alcohol and other
drug abuse , but it was not proven effective . It has been shown to reduce heart rate and blood
pressure.
Phencyclidine hydrochloride
Classifying PCP is complicated because it generates
anesthetic, hallucinogenic, stimulating , or depressing effects
depending on the dosage and method of administration.
Expert describe PCP as a dissociative anesthetic that
causes the person to feel separated from reality.
Dissociative anesthetic : substance that alters the perception of pain without loss of consciousness
delirium tremens , rheumatism ,and menstrual pains .
Early use
PCP has many nicknames, including angel dust , dust ,
and crystal.
PCP later was used in veterinary medicine but has been
largely replaced by similar drugs such as ketamine.
It was mixed with marijuana , tobacco ,or vegetable
matter . Because absorption is rapid, the effects of PCP
are experienced quickly.
Neither tolerance physical dependence results ,and no
physical withdrawal symptoms are apparent after the
person stops using the drug .
Effects of phencyclidine
hydrochloride (PCP)
Small dosage
Feeling of warmth •
Faster heart rate •
Confusion •
Poor coordination •
Higher body temperature •
Euphoria •
Poor concentration •
Relaxation •
Large dosage
Anorexia
Suicide
Coma
Paranoia
Depression
Insomnia
Restlessness
Violent behavior.
death
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ketamine
Ketamine is used in veterinary medicine in place of PCP.
It is effective for pain management in humans.
Ketamine is considered a dissociative anesthetic.
Ketamine is capable of producing confusion , hallucinations , irrational
behavior , muscle rigidity , irregular heartbeat , loss of appetite.
ketamine has been associated with cystitis , inflammation of the
bladder .
Like cocaine ,ketamine does not produce a physiological withdrawal
syndrome , but some users become dependent on ketamine.
ketamine may be effective for treating depression.
Thank you
Treatment
Treatment
Starting the right treatment plan plays an important role in your
fight against hallucinogen abuse.
When it comes to the selection of an ideal treatment, there is a
wide range of treatments you can consider today.
Thus, it is recommended that you consult with a treatment center
to decide what the best treatment for your addiction would
be.
Whether you are an adult or a youth suffering from a
hallucinogenic addiction, take time to learn about your most
suitable treatment options.
Cont.
I.
Guidance and reassurance (“talking down” the
patient) are usually enough.
II. In sever cases, antipsychotics or
benzodiazepines may be used.
III. Teens can avoid this drug by using refusal skills.
IV. Treatment options for drug dependence include
detoxification, individual counselling and
group therapy.