Transcript How Drugs

Objective
0Explore the effects of drugs
and alcohol on consciousness
0Identify major drug categories
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical
substance that alters perceptions and
mood (affects consciousness).
Psychopharmacology: Study of
psychoactive drugs and their effects
on behavior and mental processes.
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How Drugs “Work”
0Alter interaction between
neurotransmitters & receptors
0Others increase or decrease release of
specific neurotransmitters
0Cross the blood-brain barrier & enter
brain tissues.
Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a
psychoactive drug
produces tolerance.
With repeated
exposure to a drug,
the drug’s effect
lessens. Thus it takes
greater quantities to
get the desired effect.
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Withdrawal & Dependence
1. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to
a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings
(physical dependence), and negative emotions
(psychological dependence).
2. Addiction is a craving for a chemical
substance, despite its adverse consequences
(physical & psychological).
3. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug
(after addiction), users may experience the
undesirable effects of withdrawal.
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Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological,
psychological, and social-cultural influences.
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Why Risk Addiction?
0 Curiosity
0 Peer Pressure
0 Parental Use
0 Rebelliousness
0 Escape
0 Self-Handicapping
0 Scapegoat
Risking Addiction
Risk for addiction depends on lots of things:
0 Personality
0 Genetic makeup
0 Family history
0 Coping skills
0 Drug of choice
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are divided into four
groups.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Depressants
Opiates (Narcotics)
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
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STIMULANTS
Increase activity in body and nervous system
Decrease activity in body and nervous system
DEPRESSANTS
CATEGORIES OF DRUG USE
0EXPERIMENTAL:
0SOCIAL-RECREATIONAL:
0SITUATIONAL:
0INTENSIVE:
0COMPULSIVE:
Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce
neural activity and slow body functions.
They include:
1. Alcohol
2. Barbiturates/Tranquilizers
3. Opiates
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Depressants
0Act on the CNS causing relaxation,
sedation, loss of consciousness, death
0Strong potential for abuse
0Includes:
0 Alcohol
0 Barbiturates
0 Anti-anxiety drugs like Valium
0 Opiates
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Alcohol
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory…and increases aggressiveness
while reducing self awareness.
Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images
Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS
Drinking and Driving
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Alcohol Facts
0 How many drinks does it
take to bring your BAC to
a particular level in one
hour.
1. Locate body weight.
2. From left to right, each
square represents 1
drink.
3. First dark line indicates
a BAC = .04
(impairment).
4. Second dark line to the
right indicates a BAC =
.10 (legal intoxication in
some states)
Alcohol
Drunk drivers are
responsible for
almost half of all
highway-related
fatalities
Barbiturates & Tranquilizers
0Barbiturates: depress CNS activity,
reducing anxiety but impairing memory and
judgment.
0 Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal
0Tranquilizers: lower anxiety, reduce
tension
0 Valium, Xanax, Librium, Rohypnol
0 Strong addictive potential
0 Drug interactions with alcohol
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Depressants
0Opiates: Opium and its
derivatives depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety.
0 Morphine and heroin
0Opioids: synthetic opiates
0Used medically to relieve pain
0Highly addictive
http://opioids.com/timeline
0 Oxycontin, oxycodone
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Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural
activity and speed up body functions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
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Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and
breathing rates and other autonomic
functions to provide energy.
http://office.microsoft.com/clipart
http://www.tech-res-intl.com
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5 Hour
Energy
Monster
Energy
Red Bull
Rockstar
Energy
Caffeine
215 mg
160 mg
160 mg
160 mg
Taurine
N/A
1,ooo mg
N/A
1,000 mg
Vitamin B12
8,333%
100%
80%
100%
Carnitine
N/A
N/A
N/A
25 mg.
Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity,
causing accelerated body functions and
associated energy and mood.
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works
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Ecstasy
Ecstasy or
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Greg Smith/ AP Photos
(MDMA) is a stimulant and
mild hallucinogen. It produces
a euphoric high and can
damage serotonin-producing
neurons, which results in a
permanent deflation of mood
and impairment of memory.
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Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria
followed by a crash. Crack, a form of
cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of
cocaine can be sniffed or injected.
http://www.ohsinc.com
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Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are
Ronald K. Siegel
psychedelic (mindmanifesting) drugs
that distort
perceptions and
evoke sensory
images in the
absence of sensory
input.
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Hallucinogens
Hemp Plant
http://static.howstuffworks.com
1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide)
powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot
fungus) that is also known as acid.
2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is
the major active ingredient in marijuana
(hemp plant) that triggers a variety of
effects, including mild hallucinations.
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