Antihypertensive Drug Update
Download
Report
Transcript Antihypertensive Drug Update
Jessica Schwenk, Pharm.D.
September 14, 2013
Review pharmacologic treatment of
hypertension, including drug combinations and
management of hypertension with other disease
states
Discuss updates in the use of antihypertensive
drugs
Describe medications used for hypertensive
urgencies and emergencies
How many people in the US have hypertension?
How many people in the US have hypertension?
58 to 65 million adults (estimated in 2008)
29-31% of US adults
Treatment of hypertension
#1 reason for doctor visits (non-pregnant adults)
#1 reason for use of prescription drugs
Definitions
Normal blood pressure: systolic <120 mmHg and
diastolic <80 mmHg
Prehypertension: systolic 120-139 mmHg or diastolic
80-89 mmHg
Hypertension:
Stage 1: systolic 140-159 mmHg or diastolic 90-99
mmHg
Stage 2: systolic ≥160 or diastolic ≥100 mmHg
Definitions
Isolated systolic hypertension: systolic ≥140 mmHg
and diastolic <90 mmHg
Isolated diastolic hypertension: systolic <140 mmHg
and diastolic ≥90 mmHg
Definitions continued
Malignant hypertension: hypertension with retinal
hemorrhages, exudates, or papilledema
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Acute renal failure
Hypertensive urgency: Diastolic blood pressure > 120
mmHg without symptoms
Primary (essential) hypertension
Pathogenesis
Increased sympathetic neural activity (beta-adrenergic)
Increased angiotensin II activity
Mineralocorticoid excess
Genetics
Reduced adult nephron mass
Risk Factors
Ethnicity
Genetics
Diet
Sodium intake
Alcohol
Obesity
Tobacco use
Decreased physical
activity
Hyperlipidemia
Age > 65 years
Personality Traits
Vitamin D Deficiency
Complications
Risk factor for other disease states
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Stroke
Intra-cerebral hemorrhage
Kidney disease
Malignant hypertension
Treatment benefits
Reduce risk of cardiovascular events, kidney disease,
eye damage, morbidity and mortality
Only 46-51%have blood pressure under control
Poor access to healthcare, medications
Lack of adherence
Side effects, disadvantages of therapy
Benefits not obvious to patients
Lifestyle Modifications
Treatment Algorithm
Treatment Goal
Medication Classes
Lifestyle Modification
Modification
Systolic BP reduction
Sodium restriction
4.8 mmHg
(2.5 mm HG diastolic)
Weight loss
0.5-2 mmHg
per 1 kg weight loss
Diet (DASH)
2-8 mm Hg
Physical activity
4-8 mmHg
Moderation of alcohol consumption
2-4 mmHg
JNC7 blood pressure goals
Generally <140/<90 mmHg
Complications or increased risk factors <130/<90
Diabetes
Chronic kidney disease
Medications
Monitor
Blood pressure
Side effects: hypotension, orthostatic hypotension,
dizziness
Chlorthalidone (generic) 12.5-25 mg daily
Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide, HydroDIURIL)
12.5-50 mg daily
Indapamide (Lozol) 1.25-2.5 mg daily
Metolazone (Zaroxolyn) 2.5-5 mg daily
Side effects
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypercalcemia
Hyperuricemia
Hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
Sexual dysfunction
Monitoring
Fluid status
Electrolytes
Renal function
Loses efficacy with ClCr < 40
mL/min
Dose-related side effects
Limiting dose to
chlorthalidone or HCTZ 2550 mg greatly reduces risk
of metabolic side effects
Bumetanide (Bumex) 0.5-2 mg daily-BID
Furosemide (Lasix) 20-80 mg daily-BID
Torsemide (Demadex) 2.5-10 mg daily
Side Effects
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Hyperuricemia
Sexual dysfunction
Monitoring
Fluid status
Weight loss/gain
Electrolytes
Usually need electrolyte
supplementation
Renal function
Hearing (high doses)
Amiloride (Midamor) 5-10 mg daily-BID
Triamterene (Dyrenium) 50-100 mg daily-BID
Eplerenone (Inspra) 50-100 mg daily
Spironolactone (Aldactone) 25-50 mg daily
Side effects
Similar to thiazide diuretics: hypomagnesemia,
hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia, sexual dysfunction
Hyperkalemia
Especially eplerenone (contraindicated in impaired renal
function or DM II with proteinuria)
Gynecomastia (10% with spironolactone)
Monitoring
Electrolytes, fluid status, renal function
Benazepril (Lotensin) 10-40 mg daily
Captopril (Capoten) 25-100 mg BID
Enalapril (Vasotec) 5-40 mg daily-BID
Fosinopril (Monopril) 10-40 mg daily
Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) 10-40 mg daily
Moexipril (Univasc) 7.5-30 mg daily
Perindopril (Aceon) 4-8 mg daily
Quinapril (Accupril) 10-80 mg daily
Ramipril (Altace) 2.5-20 mg daily
Trandolapril (Mavik) 1-4 mg daily
Side effects
Hyperkalemia
Dry cough (20%)
Increased serum creatinine/kidney insufficiency
Angioedema (2%)
Rare (<1%)
Neutropenia and agranulocytosis, proteinuria,
glomerulonephritis, acute kidney failure
Monitoring: potassium, kidney function
Absolute contraindication in pregnancy
Candesartan (Atacand) 8-32 mg daily
Eprosartan (Teveten) 400-800 mg daily-BID
Irbesartan (Avapro) 150-300 mg daily
Losartan (Cozaar) 25-100 mg daily-BID
Olmesartan (Benicar) 20-40 mg daily
Telmisartan (Micardis) 20-80 mg daily
Valsartan (Diovan) 80-320 mg daily-BID
Side effects
Hyperkalemia
Increased serum creatinine/kidney insufficiency
Possible angioedema (cross-reactivity with ACEIs
reported)
No bradykinin-induced dry cough
Monitoring: potassium, kidney function
Should not be used in pregnancy
Non-Dihydropyridines
Diltiazem
Extended release (Cardizem CD, Dilacor XR, Tiazac) 180420 mg daily
Extended release (Cardizem LA) 120-540 mg dialy
Verapamil
Immediate release (Calan, Isoptin ) 80-320 mg BID
Long acting (Calan SR, Isoptin SR ) 120-480 mg daily-BID,
(Coer, Covera HS, Verelan PM) 120-360 mg daily
†
†
Dihydropyridines
Amlodipine (Norvasc) 2.5-10 mg daily
Felodipine (Plendil) 2.5-20 mg daily
Isradipine (Dynacirc CR) 2.5-10 mg daily
Nicardipine sustained release (Cardene SR) 60-120
mg BID
Nifedipine long-acting (Adalat CC, Procardia XL)
30-60 mg daily
Nisoldipine (Sular) 10-40 mg daily
Side effects
Flushing, headache, gingival hyperplasia, peripheral
edema
Non-dihydropyridines: bradycardia, AV block (high doses),
heart failure, anorexia
Precautions/Contraindications
Contraindicated in heart failure
Multiple drug interactions due to CYP450 3A4 inhibition
Combination of non-dihydropyridine with beta blocker
increases chance of heart block
Beta-1 selective (cardioselective)
Atenolol (Tenormin) 25-100 mg daily
Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) 50-100 mg daily-BID
Betaxolol (Kerlone) 5-10 mg daily
Bisaprolol (Zebeta) 2.5-20 mg daily
Non-selective
Nadolol (Corgard) 40-120 mg daily
Propranolol (Inderal, Inderal LA) 40-160 mg BID (60-180
mg daily for LA)
Timolol (Blocadren) 20-40 mg BID
Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
Acebutolol (Sectral) 200-800 mg BID
Penbutolol (Levatol) 10-40 mg daily
Pindolol (generic) 10-40 mg BID
Combined alpha-1 and beta blockers
Carvedilol (Coreg) 12.5-50 mg BID
Labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate ) 200-800 mg BID
Nebivolol (Bystolic) 5-40 mg daily
†
Side effects
Bradycardia, heart block, heart failure
Monitoring: HR
Increased blood glucose
Sexual dysfunction (impotence)
Abrupt cessation: rebound hypertension, unstable
angina/myocardial infarction
Specific groups
More CNS effects (dizziness/drowsiness ) with more lipophylic
agents (propranolol)
Non-selective agents: β2-receptor activation, bronchospasm
Non-ISA agents: increased triglycerides
Doxazosin (Cardura) 1-16 mg daily
Prazosin (Minipress) 2-20 mg BID-TID
Terazosin (Hytrin) 1-20 mg daily-BID
Side effects
1st dose phenomenon: dizziness, palpitations, syncope
Orthostatic hypotension
CNS effects: vivid dreams, depression
Sodium and water retention
Clonidine (Catapres) 0.1-0.8 mg BID
Clonidine patch (Catapres-TTS) 0.1-0.3 weekly
Clonidine (Catapres) 0.1-0.8 mg BID
Methyldopa (Aldomet ) 250-1,000 mg BID
Reserpine (generic) 0.1-0.25 mg daily
Guanfacine (Tenex ) 0.5-2 mg daily
†
†
Side effects
Sodium and water retention
Orthostatic hypotension
CNS side effects: depression
Anticholinergic: dry mouth, sedation, constipation, urinary
retention, blurred vision
Reserpine: parasympathetic activity (increased secretions,
bradycardia)
Abrupt cessation: rebound hypertension
Clonidine often used for resistant hypertension
Methyldopa is a first-line agent in pregnancy
Hydralazine (Apresoline) 25-100 mg BID
Minoxidil (Loniten) 2.5-80 mg daily-BID
Side effects
Sodium and water retention
Tachyphylaxis (use with beta blocker)
Hydralazine
Lupus-like syndrome, dermatitis, drug fever, peripheral
neuropathy, hepatitis, vascular HA
Minoxidil
Hypertrichosis (hirsutism of face, arms, back, chest),
pericardial effusion, nonspecific T-wave change
Treatment of hypertension with concurrent disease
states or compelling indications
Choice of medication for hypertension
Treatment of hypertensive urgency & emergency
New Recommendations
Stable angina
Beta blocker, or CCB
Acute coronary syndrome
Beta blocker (without ISA), ACEI
Post-MI
Beta blocker, ACEI, aldosterone antagonist
Asymptomatic heart failure
ACEI (or ARB), beta blocker
Symptomatic ventricular dysfunction or endstage heart disease
Beta blocker, ACEI or ARB, aldosterone antagonist,
loop diuretic
ACEI or ARB
Reduce diabetic nephropathy and albuminuria
ARBs reduce progression to macroalbuminuria
Thiazide diuretics, BBs, ACEIs, ARBs, and CCBs
Prevent CVD and stroke incidence
Caution with beta blockers
Mask signs of hypoglycemia
ACEI or ARB
Slow progression of renal disease
Limited rise in Scr acceptable (up to 35% increase)
Advanced CKD
Loop diuretics (volume control)
Thiazide diuretics lose efficacy with ClCr < 40
Combination of thiazide diuretic and ACEI
Reduce recurrent stroke rate
All classes of antihypertensive agents except the
direct vasodilators hydralazine and minoxidil
Regression of LVH
Severe hypertension with ECG evidence of LVH
ARB
Only indication where ARB has proven benefit over ACEI
African-American
Monotherapy: thiazide diuretic or CCB
Reduced BP responses with BBs, ACEIs, or ARBs
Caution: ACEI-induced angioedema occurs 2–4
times more frequently
Heart failure
Hydralazine/Isosorbide dinitrate (Bidil)
Follow same principles of therapy
Start at lower doses, increase more slowly
Avoid side effects
Classes to avoid
Alpha-1 blockers, alpha-2 agonists, centrally acting
agents, direct vasodilators
Treatment of HTN may slow progression of
cognitive impairment and dementia
Preferred agents
Methyldopa, beta blockers, and vasodilators
Contraindicated:
ACEIs and ARBs
Atrial tachyarrythmias/fibrillation
Beta blockers or calcium channel blockers (rate control)
Migraine, tremor
Beta blockers
BPH
Alpha-1 blockers
Asthma, reactive airway disease, second or third degree heart
block
Avoid beta-blockers (especially non-selective)
Gout, hyponatremia
Avoid thiazide diuretics
Hyperkalemia
Avoid potassium-sparing diuretics, aldosterone antagonists
First line options
Thiazide diuretic
Calcium channel blocker (long acting)
ACEI or ARB
If treatment with second medication likely
(ACCOMPLISH trial)
Calcium channel blocker (long acting)
ACEI or ARB
Hypertensive urgency
Severe hypertension: SBP ≥180 mmHg and/or DBP ≥120
mmHg
Asymptomatic (other than headache)
No evidence of acute end-organ damage
Hypertensive emergency
Malignant hypertension
Marked hypertension with retinal hemorrhages, exudates,
or papilledema
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Acute renal failure (malignant nephrosclerosis)
Treatment
Goal: gradual reduction of BP to < 160/100
Previously: rapid reduction of BP, but no proven benefit
Cerebral or myocardial ischemia or infarction can be
induced
Sublingual nifedipine now contraindicated
Treatment: oral medications
Previously treated HTN
Increase dose of existing medication or add new medications
Previously untreated HTN
Furosemide 20 mg PO(or higher if renal insufficiency)
Clonidine 0.2 mg PO
Captopril 6.25-12.5 mg PO
Monitor until BP decreases 20-30 mmHg (or < 160/100)
Prescribe longer acting agent(s), follow-up with provider
Goal: rapidly reduce DBP to 100-105 mmHg in 2-6
hours (25% reduction)
Treatment: IV medications
Nitroprusside (Nitropress)
Arteriolar and venous dilator
IV infusion 0.25-0.5 mcg/kg/min
Max 8-10 mcg/kg /min.
Onset: seconds. Duration of action: 2-5 minutes
Cyanide toxicity possible with prolonged use
Nicardipine
IV infusion 5 mg/hr; max 15 mg/hr
Treatment: IV medications
Clevidipine
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
IV infusion 1 mg/hr; max 21 mg/hr
Labetalol
IV bolus 20 mg initially, followed by 20-80 mg every 10 min
Infusion: 0.5-2 mg/min
Max dose 300 mg in 24 hours
Fenoldopam
Peripheral dopamine-1 receptor agonist,
IV infusion 0.1 mcg/kg/min, titrate as needed every 15 minutes
Treatment: oral medications
Not recommended unless IV meds not available
Uncontrolled hypotensive response
Sublingual nifedipine 10 mg
Sublingual captopril 25 mg
Monitoring
When BP controlled, switch to oral therapy
Decrease DBP to 85-90 mmHg over 2-3 months
Chlorthalidone preferred over HCTZ
More potent
Longer acting
Potential lower risk of cardiovascular events
Beta blockers should NOT be used as 1st line therapy
In absence of compelling indications
Especially for patient’s > 60 years old
Higher SBP goals may be more appropriate
Elderly: <150/<60
Diabetes: SBP < 130 may not improve CV risk
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint
National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of
High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42(6):1206-52.
Cupp M. Antihypertensives. Pharmacist’s Letter 2013; 29(4):290401.
[Electronic version]. Available at: http://www.pharmacistsletter.com.
Accessed April 14, 2013.
DRUGDEX® System [Internet database]. Greenwood Village, Colo: Thomson
Healthcare. Updated periodically.
Kaplan NM. Malignant hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy in
adults. In: UpToDate, Basow, DS (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
Kaplan NM, Domino FJ. Overview of hypertension in adults. In: UpToDate,
Basow, DS (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2013.
Lacy CF, Armstrong LL, Goldman MP, Lance LL. Lexi-Comp’s Drug
Information Handbook. 17th ed. Hudson (OH): Lexi-Comp;2008.
Saseen JJ, Carter BL. Hypertension. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke
GR, Wells BG, Posey LM, editors. Pharmacotherapy. A Pathophysiologic
Approach. 6th ed. New York (NY): McGraw Hill;2005:185-218.
Systematic Evidence Reviews in Development: Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Reduction in Adults (June 2013). National Institutes of Health Web site.
Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/indevelop.htm#status.
Accessed August 14, 2013.