Transcript Research and Development in Papua New Guinea

Traditional Medicine-2015
Birmingham, UK
August 03 – 05, 2015
Prem P. Rai
Research and Development in
Papua New Guinea Traditional
Medicine
Prem P. Rai1, Teatulohi Matainaho1
and Louis R. Barrows2
1University
of Papua New Guinea, 2University
of Utah
3rd International Conference and Exhibition on Traditional &
Alternative Medicine, August 03-05, 2015; Birmingham, U.K.
Where on Earth is PNG?
Population: 7.2 million
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Outline
Background
Biodiversity in PNG
PNG Government Policy on Traditional Medicine
Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database
Drug Discovery Programme
Research initiatives and overseas collaborations
Herbal Product Development
Future Prospects and conclusion
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PNG- A Mega-Biodiversity Hub
 PNG is the 4th mega-bio diverse country
in the world
 70% covered by tropical rainforest
 Covers less than 1% world land mass but
contains more than 5% biodiversity
 30 million hectares of closed tropical
forests; ranks 9th among the most forested
tropical countries of the world
 Native flora contains an estimated 20, 000
species of vascular plants
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 PNG is richly diversified in languages,
culture, customs and traditions, people and
native flora and fauna.
 It is one of the ‘last frontiers’
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PNG- A Mega-Biodiversity Hub
 Poor knowledge of the Flora of PNG
 Many species are very local and probably
rare and endangered
 Scientists estimate that more than half of
the plants and animals found in PNG have
yet to be scientifically named
(Ref: PNG’s 4th National Report to the Convention on Biological
Diversity, 2010)
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Background
 Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of the most biologically
diverse places on earth.
 It is estimated that 15,000 to 20,000 individual species of
vascular plants may be found in PNG; most of these are
endemic.
 Population is largely rural, modern health facilities limited
 However, a rich tradition of herbal medicine and
medicinal plants use exists.
 A well over 50% of the population relying exclusively
on traditional herbal medicine for health care
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Outline
Background
PNG Government Policy on Traditional Medicine
Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database
Drug Discovery Programme
Research initiatives and overseas collaborations
Herbal Product Development
Future Prospects and conclusion
10
PNG NATIONAL POLICY ON
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Traditional Medicine
Programme was included
in the National Health Plan
since 2001
 Policy approved in 2007
The policy aims to
incorporate traditional
medicine in the primary
health care system.
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Traditional Medicine Policy
 Traditional medical knowledge has been largely
oral, and one of the early tasks was to undertake
a systematic and comprehensive documentation
of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine
practiced in communities across the nation.
 This work has lead to establishment of traditional
medicine database, with detailed account of
over 4500 traditional preparations from
approximately 850 plant species.
 The database is first of its kind in the South
Pacific Region
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PNG Traditional Medicine Database
A national repository of medicinal plants usage in PNG.
Established in 2000 as a joint initiative between National Dept.
of Health and University of Papua New Guinea
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PNG Traditional Medicine Database
Primary Objective
 To serve as repository of indigenous knowledge
in traditional medicine.
 To identify safe and effective traditional medicine
practices and promote their usage in the
community.
 To select promising herbs and traditional
medicines for scientific research
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PNG Traditional Medicine Database
5000
4500
4000
3500
2006
2008
2009
2012
2014
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Preparations
Plants
Families
Practitioners
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Traditional
Medicine in
Papua New
Guinea:
Policy &
Practices
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Medicinal Plants in
Papua New Guinea
WHO Commissioned
work (compiled and written
by Prem P Rai and others)
Published in 2009
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Training of Traditional Healers in Primary
Health Care and Quality Control of Herbal
Medicines
(over 800 traditional medicine healers
undergone through the training)
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t
Traditional Healers of the Rural Health Management
Course, Buka
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Training Workshop for Herbalists in Quality Control of Herbal Medicines in
Arawa (Bougainville), PNG
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Outline
Background
PNG Government policy on Traditional Medicine
Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database
Drug Discovery Programme
Research initiatives and overseas collaborations
Herbal Product Development
Future Prospects and conclusion
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Translating Biodiversity into Knowledge and into Economics
Knowledge
Conservation
Biodiversity
Economics
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Drug Discovery Programme
Phytochemical analysis of PNG medicinal plants
Determination of antibacterial activities of herbs
used in respiratory and related conditions
Standardization and validation of herbal
medicines
Medicinal plants screening for TB, HIV, Malaria
 Herbs and ART drug interaction
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Medicinal Plants Screening
Programs
•
•
•
•
TB
HIV
Malaria
Cytotoxicity
Work is carried out in collaboration with University of Utah, USA
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Extraction & Bioassay Facility in Drug Discovery Lab.
Material Extraction
Bacterial Culture
Sample and
Cell Storage
&
Extract Testing
Under Expert
Training
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Plant Extraction, Pre-fractionation, Screening and
Chemistry
Extract
with
150 mL
MeOH
24 hrs
20 g
sample
material
30 mL onto 150
mg HP20
Dry sample in
SpeedVac
Dry load column
Dissolve in DMSO
Extract Plates
Prefractionation – each
methanol extract into 4
fractions
1 mg for HIV, TB, other microbes & cytotoxicity
CMI2005:L H3
PNH05-3-056-F2_lib 162 (5.308) Cm (154:179)
711.2581
709.2602
%
100
712.2651
731.2449
113.0738
186.9391
734.2484
338.3413
631.3493
391.2806
429.2381
Dereplication
& Prioritization
200
400
819.1830
823.1785
600
800
1097.3514
1000
1200
Dereplication
Structure
Determination
Thanks T. Bugni, M.K. Harper, and M. Dindi
743.2240
0
LCMS fractionation
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NMR
Results
HIV:
3581 Total Assays Done, 157 Active and
Non-Toxic*
Malaria:
2652 Total Assays Done, 68 Active and
Non-Toxic
TB:
3131 Total Assays Done, 144 Active and
Non-Toxic
* < 30% Growth Inhibition of human T- cells
31Pond, J.
Thanks C.D. Andjelic, B. Cassun, C.D.
Jensen, A.R. Pole & M. Koch
Evodia (Melicope) elleryana
• Used traditionally in
Kurti region of Manus
Island
• Locally called Sehit
• Water extract of bark
used for cough and
fever
• Anti-TB activity
documented activity
CYTOTOXIC
ASSAY
TB-MTT ASAY
50ug/ml
5ug/
ml
50ug/
ml
5ug/
ml
B-H
A
I
A
I
B-E
I
I
A
I
B-M
A
I
I
I
L-H
A
I
+/-
L-E
I
I
I
I
L-M
+/-
I
I
I
S-H
A
I
+/-
S-E
+/-
I
I
I
S-M
I
I
I
I
L.R. Barrows, E. Powan, C.D. Pond and T. Matainaho Anti-TB activity of Evodia elleryana bark
extract Fitoterapia 78, pg 250-252, 2007
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Thanks E. Powan
Standardization of Herbal Medicines & Cosmetics
Thanks M. Bate, S. Louwhoff
• Extraction of an analgesic/anti-inflammatory lichen
preparation with hexanes atranorin and chloroatranorin as
suitable marker compounds that accounted for >90% of the
extract (NMR and HRMS)
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2.5
Lichen
Preparation
Atranorin
• Based on the published findings, Ms. Bate empirically
adjusted the strength of her preparations to improve efficacy
and reformulated her products using more cosmetically
attractive ingredients including coconut oil
1.5
Chloroatranorin
Lichen Hexane
Extract
1
0.5
0
19
0
21
0
23
0
25
0
27
0
29
0
31
0
33
0
35
0
37
0
39
0
41
0
43
0
45
0
• Atranorin has been shown to block lipid peroxidation while
exhibiting little cytotoxicity and have COX 1 inhibitory activity
at high concentrations
AU
2
Wavelength (nm)
• Ms. Bate won first place at a new entrepreneur fair and has
used ICBG data to support her marketing, she now distributes
her product to outlets in Japan
Bugni, T.S.; Andjelic, C.D.; Pole, A.R.; Rai, P.; Ireland, C.M.; Barrows, L.R. Fitoterapia. 2009; 80(5):270-3
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Atranorin and Chloroatranorin
PNG Medicinal Plants and HIV
What is the basis of this project?
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 Papua New Guinea (PNG) has an established HIV epidemic.
 In PNG the infected population is predominately rural, where
access to Western medicines is limited.
 PNG also has a rich tradition of medicinal plant use, a
practice endorsed by government programs that catalog,
validate and promote such use.
 Traditional healers in PNG are treating patients with HIV and
AIDS symptoms, and herbal preparations are being promoted
specifically for this use.
 Concern over the possible consequences of herbal use by
people living with HIV prompted the current assessment of
medicinal plants commonly used in PNG.
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Results
 This report shows that some of the most
commonly used medicinal plants in PNG have
dramatic activity in models of drug interaction,
HIV suppression and/or in models of activation
of latent HIV.
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Ageratum
conyzoides
(for
diarrhoea and
dysentery; used in
form of decoction
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I
Alstonia scholaris in flowering season
Traditional Uses: PNG - treatment of
severe fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery,
headaches; stomach ache; cough with
SOB and painful breathing; TB, etc.
Alstonia scholaris tree
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Anti- HIV/AIDS
plants
(boosts
immunity?)
Carica papaya
seeds cooked
and eaten
or
Seeds boiled in
water and
solution drunk
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A promising anti-HIV plant ?
Viral load reduced
substantially, and sustained
Derris elliptica
Poisonous root, source of rotenone used as
plant insecticides. Root juice used as
dynamite to kill fish in the coastal areas of
PNG
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Outline
Background
PNG Government policy on Traditional Medicine
Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database
Drug Discovery Programme
Research initiatives and overseas collaborations
Herbal Product Development
Future Prospects and conclusion
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Standardized herbal products
development.... a new initiative in PNG
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Local
wisdom/
Traditional
knowledge
Potential
plants
Plant
selection
Extraction
Chemical
analysis
Raw
materials
Ethnopharmacology
Biological
activity
Product
development
Toxicology
test
Clinical
studies
Product
safety test
New drugs
Marketing
Health
services
Integrated research for R&D of herbal products
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Outline
Background
PNG Government policy on Traditional Medicine
Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database
Drug Discovery Programme
Research initiatives and overseas collaborations
Herbal Product Development
Future Prospects and conclusion
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Conclusions
Traditional medicine research and development
efforts have accomplished much in PNG
 The Government plans to introduce “Herbal
Medicine Act” – a legislative bill on regulatory
requirements for manufacture and marketing of
herbal products in PNG
Drug discovery programme from PNG traditional
herbs hold promise to yield good dividends
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Thank You
University of Papua New
Guinea
University of Utah 46
College of Pharmacy
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION !
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Meet the eminent gathering once again at
Traditional Medicine-2016
London, UK
October 03-05, 2016
Traditional Medicine-2016
Website: http://traditionalmedicine.conferenceseries.com/