Transcript Drugs - Rye High School

Drugs, Toxic Substances
and
Forensic Chemistry
Chapter 9
www.usdoj.gov/dea/index.htm
www.dea.gov
Drugs and Toxins

Drugs - what does the term mean
» Drugs vs. Medicines

Drugs - Natural or synthetic compounds used for
physiological (and possibly psychological ) effects.
– Medicinal Uses - to correct or help some physiological or
psychological problem
– Drug Abuse - chemicals taken for unintended uses or
uncontrolled use (e.g., alcohol addiction).
» Cuts across socio-economic levels
» > 75% of forensic investigations involve drug use
» Not victimless crimes.
Drugs and Toxins

Start with Medicinal Chemistry
– Toxins
– Poisons
– Drug Discovery and Development
•
Drug Definitions and Types
Drug Laws
Drug Dependence
Drug Testing and Identification
•
•
•
Drugs and Toxic Substances




Dose - amount of substance that enters the body
LD50 - Dose necessary to kill 1/2 of the population
Acute Toxicity - effects are immediate
Chronic Toxicity - effects occur over an extended time
Cl


O
Cl
Species Specific:
Cl
O
Cl
Dioxin - polychlorinated organic compounds (many)
– From burning chlorinated compounds
– Agent orange
Species LD50
– Paper industry
Guinea Pig
0.0006
Rabbit
0.115
– Toxicity varies with species
Hamster
Monkey
3.5
0.07
Toxic Substances
LD50 Calculations:
Cyanide (for 150 lb human - ~ 70 Kg)
(70Kg)(10mg/Kg) = 700 mg (0.70g)
Nicotine (e.g.; from Cigarettes)
(70Kg)(2 mg/Kg) = 140 mg (0.14g)
(note 1 cig. = ~ 2 mg Nicotine)
Ethanol
(70Kg)(1000mg/Kg) = 70,000mg (70g)
Effect of Body Weight: Ethanol
150 lb Human = lethal dose = ~ 70 g
40 lb Dog = lethal dose = ~ 20 g
Substance
LD50
Aspirin
Ethanol
Morphine
Caffeine
Heroin
Lead
Cocaine
Cyanide
Nicotine
Strychnine
Batrachotoxin
1750
1000
500
200
150
20
17.5
10
2
0.8
0.002
Right to Know Laws
MSDS Sheets

Materials Safety Data Sheets - provide specific
toxicological, chemical and physical data about a
compound.
– Physical Properties and Names
– Chemical Reactivities
– Incompatibilities
– Safe Handling
– Toxicology (symptoms and means of exposure)
– Safety and First Aid
MSDS Sheets - Example
NICOTINE
(S)-3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine
b-Pyridyl-a-N-methylpyrrolidine
1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine
C10H14N2
CAS # 54-11-5
RTECS # QS5250000
ICSC # 0519
EC # 614-001-00-4
Molecular mass: 162.2
TYPES OF
HAZARD
ACUTE HAZARDS/
SYMPTOMS
PREVENTION
FIRST AID/
FIRE FIGHTING
FIRE
Combustible. Gives off irritating
or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.
NO open flames.
Powder, alcohol-resistant
foam, water spray, carbon
dioxide.
EXPLOSION
Above 95°C explosive vapour/air
Above 95°C use a closed
mixtures may be formed.
system, ventilation.
PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! AVOID EXPOSURE OF (PREGNANT) WOMEN!
IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!
Burning sensation. Nausea. Vomiting.
Convulsions. Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Headache.
Sweating. Weakness. Dizziness. Confusion.
Ventilation, local exhaust, or breathing protection.
Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.
MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Burning sensation
Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin
with water and soap. Refer for medical attention.
EXPOSURE
INHALATION
SKIN
Poisons (and drugs)



Intentional or Accidental Poisoning?
Corrosive Poisons - Substances that actually destroy tissue
outright
Metabolic Poisons - Affect biochemical mechanisms
Corrosive Poisons

Substances that actually destroy tissue outright
– Acids/Bases (Alkali)
» Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
» Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
» Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH; cleaners)
– Death can result from a little as 1 oz. H2SO4
» Works by dehydrating tissues
» Cells die fast because water is removed AND
proteins are destroyed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis
of peptide bonds.
Corrosive Poisons

Warning Properties:
– Corrosive toxins interact with body sensory systems to
alert of exposure:
» Ammonia (above 0.01% in air) causes choking
» Acids interact with nerves to send pain signals upon
exposure
– Some lack warnings!
» HF (very corrosive; used in electronics) - destroys
both tissue / bone but does not cause pain upon
tissue exposure . Only sends pain when BONE is
exposed.
» Bases (NaOH) slippery
Corrosive Poisons

Some are toxic because of reactions
– Phosgene (mustard gas, WWI and in plastics industry) if inhaled it reacts with water in lungs to form HCl.
» Causes Pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs) because it
draws water from surrounding tissues - victim
drowns.
» Phosgene does not have good warning properties
(smells like new-mown hay and lung reactions are
slow.
O
+ H2O(l)
C
Cl
Cl
2HCl(aq) + CO
2(g)
Metabolic Poisons

Affect Biochemical Mechanisms:
– Carbon Monoxide (Gas) - colorless, odorless, toxic suicide or homocide.
» Binds to iron in hemoglobin and only very slowly is
released - displacing oxygen - Carboxyhemoglobin
is 140 time more stable than oxyhemoglobin
» Breathing 0.1% CO in air for 4 hours converts 60% of
hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin!
» CO produced by incomplete combustion - 200
million tons in US annually
» Not a cumulative poison (given time, the free
hemoglobin is released)
Hemoglobin Transport
Fe site point of
attachment
(Heme groups in orange)
O
O
O
H2O
HEME
C
CO
HEME
HEME
Blue
Red
Carboxyhemoglobin
O2
Red
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin Transport
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin
Metabolic Poisons
– Cyanide (suicide or homocide - Tylenol murders)
» Common industrial agent (plastics formation,
electroplating, metal-ore processing)
» NaCN reacts with acids to form HCN (gas) - weak
odor of almonds (if can be smelled - big problem)
» Naturally occurs in seeds (protects seeds until they
germinate).
» Very fast working (seconds)
» Causes asphyxiation - similar to CO but different
mechanism - interferes with enzymes (binds tightly
with iron) so that, even though lots of oxygen gets to
cells, they can’t use it to support life.
» Eventually, cyanide is removed by enzyme.
» Administer large amts of thiocyanate can be effective
- ANTIDOTE.
Cyanide Poisoning
Cyanide is commonly thought of as a gas, but you also can be
poisoned by it if you ingest wild cherry syrup, prussic acid,
bitter almond oil, or large amounts of apricot pits. Cherry seeds,
peach and plum pits, corn, chickpeas, cashews, and some other
fruits and vegetables contain cyanogenic (i.e., cyanide-forming)
glycosides that release hydrogen cyanide when chewed or
digested. However, cyanide poisoning from a food source is
rare.
Arsenic Poisoning


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
As commonly occurs in pesticides, shrimp, pressure
treated wood (Paris green), old wallpaper (green color)
React with SH groups of enzymes - stopping their normal
function
Accumulates in the body (not eliminated)
Used as a poison gas in WWI - led to search for antidote
and discovery of chelating reagents (molecules that have
two or more sites to bind to a single metal center)
OH
OH
OH
2+
+ M
+ 2 H+
O
M
OH
O
Arsenic Poisoning
The wallpaper in his room was dyed with
Scheele's Green, a colouring pigment that
had been used in fabrics and wallpapers
from around 1770. Named after the
Swedish chemist who invented it, the dye
contained copper arsenite. It was
discovered that if wallpaper containing
Scheele’s Green became damp, the mould
converted the copper arsenite to a
poisonous vapor form of arsenic.
Breathing the arsenic on its own might
not have been enough to kill Napoleon,
but he was ill already with a stomach
ulcer. On the 5 May 1821, the arsenic
tipped the scale against "the little
corporal."
Napoleon
After Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled
to the remote tiny volcanic island of
St. Helena, south of the Equator.
The nearest land is Ascension Island,
1,120 km (700 miles) to the north.
Mercury Poisoning

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
Fluorescent lamps, dental amalgams, fungicides, “blocking of
hats (“Mad Hatter” syndrome).
Newton - alchemy (base metals into gold) - Newton’s hair had
high amounts of mercury.
O
O
OH
OH
Mechanism:
H
C
C
H2
SH
+ M2+
NH2
SH
HS
Enzyme
H
C
C
H2
S
M
+ H+
NH2
M
Active Site
S
+ M2+
Enzyme
Antidote- Chelating Agents
S
Blocked
Active Site
Lead Poisoning


Romans - Lead Plumbing (downfall of Rome - Pb in Emperor’s
wine and water lead to mental illness)
Modern - Leaded Gas, Paint, water pipe joints
– Plumbing - (joints) EPA allows max 15 ppb, many cities have
500 ppb.
– Paint - PbO (white paint) - children ingest (now use TiO2 not-toxic)
– Wine - correlates with sales of leaded gas
Leaded Gas
Picograms
Pb/gm wine
Air
1978
Soil
Grapes
Leaded
Gas
sales in
France
Wine
Humans
1978
Medicinal Chemistry


Chemicals designed for therapeutic uses.
First drugs - “Miracle Drug”
– Long known that willow bark could reduce fever,
pain, etc.
– Isolated compound from willow trees.
– Acidic form causes side-effects.
Chemical
modification could
greatly reduce
these side effects.
– Toxicity 20-30 g/person with
suggested dose - 325 - 750 mg/4hrs.
– Aspirin
Medicinal Chemistry
Drug Discovery - An Aside

Finding new drugs
– Exploring folk remedies (ethnopharmacology)(i.e.,
aspirin, digitalis, quinine, morphine):
» Researching traditions (shamans and tribal healers).
» Isolating active ingredients and determining their
structures ingredients (very difficult chemical
investigation).
» Determining if effects are fact of fiction (i.e., aspirin
works but rhino horns are without medical validity).
» Synthesis of compounds.
» Chemical modification to enhance action (may be
coupled with information from studies on the mode
of action of the chemical).
Drug Discovery - An Aside

Finding New Drugs
– Fortuitous accidents - the KEY is someone realizing what they have
stumbled upon (rare!).
» 1928. Alex. Flemming was curious when he observed that a
bacteria culture that had accidentally been contaminated with
mold had no bacteria. Series of chance events;
 Researcher floor below Flemming studing rare strain of
mold (penicillium Notatum).
 Flemming working on Staphylococcus (very sensitive to
Penicillin)
 Mold spores drifted into Flemmings lab and contaminated
some of his Petri dishes which were left unwashed while
Flemming was on vacation
 Uncommonly cool weather slowed bacteria growth but not
mold. Then warm weather permitted bacterial growth
except around mold
 Flemming noticed antibacterial action
Drug Discovery - An Aside

Finding New Drugs
– Fortuitous accidents - the KEY is someone realizing what they have
stumbled upon (rare!).
Drug Discovery - An Aside

Finding New Drugs
– Fortuitous accidents - the KEY is someone realizing what they have
stumbled upon (rare!).
Drug Discovery - An Aside

Finding New Drugs
– Fortuitous accidents - the KEY is someone realizing what they have
stumbled upon (rare!).
Drug Discovery - An Aside

Even when “break” comes from tradition or chance, much
very hard scientific work must be done to turn the discovery
into something productive.
– Penicillin:
»
»
»
»
»
»
»
Isolate active agent produced by Penicillium notatum
Separate, purify, concentrate new compound.
Structure and properties of new compound
Efficacy studies (is it really effective) and toxicity
Human studies
Synthesis and production
Expansion to new, related families of compounds - effective
against different strains, allergic effects, etc.
» Mode of action (Penicillin kills bacteria by interfering with the
ability to synthesize cell wall.)
Drug Development/Approval

Drug Development & Approval Process - It costs an average of $500 $800 million and may take nearly fifteen years to develop one new
drug. Only 1 in 1,000 compounds that enter preclinical testing make it
to human testing. Only one in five tested in people is approved by the
Food & Drug Administration (FDA).
– Synthesis and Extraction
– Biological Screening and Pharmacological Testing
– Pharmaceutical Dosage Formulation and Stability Testing
– Toxicology and Safety Testing
– Regulatory Review: Investigational New Drug (IND) Application
– Phase I, II, and III Clinical Evaluations
– Process Development for Manufacturing and Quality Control
– Bioavailability Studies
– Regulatory Review: New Drug Application (NDA)
– Postapproval Research
Targeted Drug Discovery


Often, a drug needs only to have the right functional
groups at the right place - - - determine the active portion
of a molecule - - - synthesize active portion and manipulate
the rest (often simpler than natural product)
Morphine very difficult to synthesize but Demerol easy
(possibly helps improve side effects?)
Active Area
CH3
CH3
CH3
N
N
N
O
HO
O
Morphine
H3 CH2CO
OH
Active Area
Demerol
Controlled Substances Act


CSA, Title II of the Comprehensive
Drug Abuse Prevention & Control
Act of 1970.
– Legal foundation of the
government’s fight against
abuse of drugs & other
substances.
– A consolidation of numerous
laws regulating the
manufacture &
distribution of narcotics,
stimulants, depressants &
hallucinogens
Classifies Drugs into Classes
(schedules)
Schedule I




Substance has a high potential for abuse
Substance has no currently accepted medical use in
treatment in the United States
There is a lack of accepted safety for use of
the substance under medical supervision
Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Methaqualone
Schedule II




Substance has the highest potential for abuse
Substance has a currently accepted medical use in
treatment in the U.S. or a currently accepted
medical uses with severe restrictions
Abuse of the substance may lead to severe
psychological or physical dependence
Morphine, PCP, cocaine, methadone,
methamphetamine
Schedule III




Substance has a potential for abuse less than those
in Schedules I and II
Has a currently accepted medical use in treatment
in the U.S.
Abuse may lead to moderate or low physical
dependence or high psychological dependence
Anabolic steroids, codeine & hydrocodone with
aspirin or Tylenol, some barbiturates
Schedule IV




The substance has a low potential for abuse
relative to those in Schedule III
Has a currently accepted medical use in
treatment in the U.S.
Abuse may lead to limited physical
dependence or psychological dependence
relative to those in Schedule III
Librium, Darvon, Xanax, Valium (tranquilizers)
Schedule V




The substance has low potential for abuse
relative those in Schedule IV
Has a currently accepted medical use in
treatment in the U.S.
Abuse may lead to limited physical or
psychological dependence relative to those
substances in Schedule IV
Over-the-counter cough medicines with codeine
Types of Abused Drugs





Narcotics - relief from pain and bring sleep. (now
generally means a socially unacceptable drug).
– Narcotics are analgesic - relieve pain by depressing
nervous system (opium, morphine, heroin, codeine,
opiates - oxycontin, methadone).
Hallucinogens - alter normal thoughts, perceptions and
moods (PCP, LSD, mescaline, MDMA, ecstasy).
Depressants - depress functions of central nervous system,
cause calm and bring about sleep (alcohol, barbituates).
Tranquilizers are depressants.
Stimulants - increase alertness and activity (cocaine,
amphetamines).
Steroids - promote muscle growth (androgen, testosterone,
anabolic steroids).
Types of Abused Drugs

Narcotics - relief from pain and bring sleep. (now
generally means a socially unacceptable drug).
– Narcotics are analgesic - relieve pain by depressing
nervous system (opium, morphine, heroin, codeine,
opiates - oxycontin, methadone).
– Cocaine (stimulant), Marijuana (hallucinogen), etc are
Not classified as narcotics even
though they are frequently called that.
– Most narcotics are opium derived.
– Opium from Poppy plants (sap is 4
- 21% opium).
Opium Poppy
Types of Abused Drugs

Opium and Poppies
Opium Poppy
Opium Family
Codeine,
morphine,
heroin, etc all
present in
opium, BUT
morphine is by
far the most
abundant.
Most Heroin,
Codeine made
synthetically
from
Morphine.
Heroin
CH3
N
Acetic anhydride
Morphine






Water Soluble - easy
IV use.
Rapid onset but short
term (2-3 hrs) effects.
Field test uses reagent
called marquis; purple
color indicative of
positive test
Most common diluent
(diluting agent) is
quinine
Chemical derivative of
morphine
Usually street drug 2030% pure (w/ starch,
quinine, novocain,
lactose, etc..)
HO
CH3
N
O
OH
H3C
CH3
O
O
O
O
O
Heroin
Heroin Forms
Black Tar Heroin
Heroin Packages
Heroin Powder
Heroin Paraphenalia
Hallucinogens


Hallucinogens - alter normal thoughts, perceptions and
moods (PCP, LSD, mescaline, MDMA, ecstasy).
Marijuana most common (derived from Cannabis or
“hemp” plant).
– Derive resin from plant secretions that is extracted with
organic solvents.
– In use for 1000’s of years.
– Brought to the US ca. 1920.
Marijuana



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

Hallucinogen
Continued use results in low degree of
psychological dependence
Prior to 1970, it was classified as a
narcotic drug
Hashish is a concentrated preparation
Active ingredient is
tetrahydrocannabinol
Can tentatively be identified by the
Duquenois-Levine color test
Is NOT synthesized from Canniabis
sativa
Marijuana
LSD
•Derived from Ergot Fungus (on grasses/grains)
•First described in 1943 after “accidental” lab
ingestion (potent - 25mg for long lsating effects!)
QuickTime™ and a
Animation decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
lysergic acid
diethylamide
LSD
Street Form
Other Hallucinogens
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Phencyclidine (PCP)(phencyclidine)
Street Names: Angel
Dust, Crystal, Hog,
Supergrass, Killer Joints,
Ozone, Wack, Embalming
Fluid, and Rocket Fuel.
Easily Synthesized.
Mescaline
Psilocybin- Street
Name: Shrooms, Mushies,
and Mexican Magic
Mushrooms
STP
LSD- Street Names:
Acid, Boomers, Yellow
Sunshines, Cid, Doses,
and Trips
Ecstacy
Drug Labs

Often Inexperienced Chemists!
Don’t try this at home!
Stimulants and Depressants
1.
2.
3.
Caffeine
Amphetamine
Cocaine
1.
2.
3.
4.
Labrium
Valium
Methaqualone
Ethyl Alcohol
Depressants

Depressants - depress functions of central nervous system,
cause calm and bring about sleep (alcohol, barbituates).
Tranquilizers are depressants.
– Downers - relax, create feeling of well-being, produce
sleep.
– Act on central nervous system.
– Usually taken orally.
– Also includes tranquilizers (e.g., librium and Valium)
and “glue sniffing” (toluene, gasoline, freon, etc.) - all
effect central nervous system. Major problems chemical eposures cause permanent liver, kidney, heart
and brain damage.
Ethanol





Depressant, not a
stimulant.
Continued use may lead
to physical dependency.
Over 1 billion gal.
Produced annually.
Even low doses can cause
impairment (with the
feeling of no effect).
Examine effects in more
detail later.
Stimulants

Stimulants - increase alterness and acivity (cocaine,
amphetamines).
– Amphetamines - synthetic drugs that stimulate the
central nervous system.
– Once stimulant wears off then severe depression
usually sets in - requiring more stimulant (speed binge).
Stimulants

Cocaine – Powerfully addictive stimulant drug and strong central
nervous system stimulant - interferes with the reabsorption
of dopamine, a chemical messenger associated with
pleasure causing buildup of dopamine and continuous
stimulation of “receiving” neurons, leads to euphoria
– The powdered, hydrochloride salt form of cocaine can be
snorted or dissolved in water and injected.
– Crack has not been neutralized by an acid to make the HCl
salt. This form of cocaine comes in a rock crystal that can be
heated and its vapors smoked. The term “crack” refers to
the crackling sound heard when it is heated.
– users can experience acute cardiovascular or
cerebrovascular emergencies, such as a heart attack or
stroke. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac
arrest or seizure followed by respiratory arrest.
– Physical effects of cocaine use include constricted blood
vessels, dilated pupils, and increased temperature, heart
rate, and blood pressure.
Rock Cocaine
Crack Cocaine
Cocaine Paraphenalia
Club Drugs/Date Rape Drugs
Date Rape Drugs
Flunitrazepam
(Rohypnol)
Ketamine
MDMA (Ecstacy)
GHB
Date Rape Drugs

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


Rohypnot, Ketamine, GHB, Ecstacy.
GHB (depressant) effects can be felt within 15 minutes after
ingestion. Mixed with alcohol GHB can cause the central nervous
system to shut down, lead to loss of consciousness, and possibly
result in a coma or death.
Rohypnol (depressant) effects begin within 30 minutes, peak
within 2 hours, and may persist for up to 8 hours or more,
depending upon the dosage.
Ketamine (hallucinogen) causes the person to feel as if their mind
is “separated” from the body. The drug causes a combination of
amnesia and hallucinations. Also, it stops the feeling of pain and
lowers the heart rate leading to oxygen starvation to the brain and
muscles. Vet Medicnine.
Ecstatsy (hallucinogen)causes psychological difficulties, including
confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe
anxiety, and paranoia-during and sometimes weeks after taking
Ecstatsy.
Date Rape Drugs

Ketamine
Ketamine Powder
Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)

Street Names: Roofies, Rophies, Roche, Forget-me Pill, Circles, Mexican
Valium, Rib, Roach-2, Roopies, Rope, Ropies, Ruffies, and Roaches
Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)






The "date rape" drug is the common name for Rohypnol,
generically called flunitrazepam.
Rohypnol is manufactured by Hoffman-La Roche and
prescribed as a sleeping pill in countries outside of the US.
It is used as a short-term treatment for insomnia, as a
sedative hypnotic and a pre-anesthetic.
It has physiological effects similar to Valium (diazepam),
but is approximately ten times more potent.
Rohypnol is a low-cost drug, less than $5.00 per tablet.
Misconceptions may explain the drug's popularity :
– many erroneously believe that the drug is unadulterated
because it comes in pre-sealed bubble packs -- and therefore
tamper-proof and safe
– many mistakenly think its use cannot be detected by
urinalysis testing.
– Rohypnol IS addictive (true)
Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)






Rohypnol (a benzodiazepine), a very potent tranquilizer similar in
nature to valium (diazepam), but many times stronger.
The drug produces a sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and a
slowing of psychomotor responses.
Sedation occurs 20-30 minutes after administration and lasts for hours.
The drug is not commonly used by physicians in the US.
The drug has been added to drinks at parties, where it is reportedly
given to female party participants in hopes of lowered inhibitions.
Police report that after ingestion of "Roofies" that women have
reported waking up in frat houses with no clothes on.
Rohypnol, particularly when mixed with alcohol or other drugs may
lead to respiratory depression, aspiration, and even death. An amnesia
producing effect of "Roofies" prevents users from remembering how or
why they took the drug or even that they were given it by others. This
makes investigation of sexually related or other offenses very difficult
and may account for repeated reports of "date rapes" involving the use
of the drug.
Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)
–Rohypnol manufacturer recently reformulated
the drug to make it more detectable.
»When put in a light-colored drink, new
Rohypnol will now turn the beverage bright
blue.
»Consumers of darker-colored beverages
should be tipped off by a cloudy appearance.
»Proponents claim risks associated with
Ecstasy can be minimized by drinking lots of
water.
Ecstacy


Also known as MDMA and is called “Adam,” “XTC,” “Bean,”
“E,” “M,” and “Roll” on the street
Ecstasy comes in a tablet that is often branded, just a few
are shown below:
Date Rape Drugs

Instant Testing Market
DrinkSafe Date Rape Test Pack
Date Rape Coaster
Date Rape Drugs
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What You Can Do to Protect Yourself?
Don't accept drinks that you did not open yourself.
Don't exchange or share drinks with anyone.
Don't drink anything out of a punch bowl.
Monitor the behavior of friends who seem more
intoxicated than the amount of alcohol would
warrant.
Never consume a drink that you have not mixed
yourself, or have not watched someone else prepare.
Never accept a drink from someone you don't know
and trust.
At parties or clubs with friends never leave your drink
unattended.
Be aware of your surroundings - Listen for the street names
of the drugs - Trust you instincts
Date Rape Drugs
Spring Breakers Beware!
– The heaviest concentrations of GHB have been found in
California, Texas, Georgia, and Florida.
– Rohypnol has been encountered by U.S. law
enforcement agencies in Southern States from California
to Florida.
– In the United States, Rohypnol is used widely in Texas.
– Roypnol is reported to be readily available in the Miami
area, and epidemiologists from that area have stated that
it is South Florida’s fastest growing drug problem.
– Two thirds of patients for GHB ingestion are aged 18-25
years · Ecstasy abuse as increased 500 percent over a
five-year period.
Date Rape Drugs
Date Rape Drugs
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
•Acting intoxicated.
•Bloodshot or red eyes, droopy eyelids.
•Imprecise eye movement.
•Wearing sunglasses at inappropriate times.
•Abnormally pale complexion.
•Change in speech patterns and vocabulary
patterns.
•Repressed physical development.
•Sudden appetite, especially for sweets.
•Unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite.
•Neglect of personal appearance, grooming.
Drug Identification
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Chromatography- used for separating and tentative
identification
Spectrometry- IR, MS, NMR, etc…