Transcript 6-Presentation from Zimbabwex

BY CHENAI KITCHEN, KUDZAI CHIFODYA &
MARSHALL MACHINGAUTA
Zimbabwe is a landlocked
country located in the SADC
region
The country lies just north
of the Tropic of Capricorn
between the Limpopo and
Zambezi rivers.
Bordering nations:Botswana,
Namibia, Zambia and South
Africa
The total surface area is
390,757 square km and
Zimbabwe is divided
into 8 provinces and 2
cities (Bulawayo and
Harare)
The major tribes are
Shona and Ndebele with
minor sub dialects.
The Situation of the Industrial Economy
(pharmacies, pharmaceutical
companies, etc) and public health
system
THE PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR &
HEALTH SYSTEM
SOCIOECONOMIC & HEALTH
DEMOGRAPHICS
Total healthcare expenditure by government is
normally expected to be closely associated with total
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Given this association,
a strong positive relationship is also expected between
the value of local pharmaceutical production and
activity of the sector and GDP.
• Estimated population (2016): 16 248 421 (annual growth
rate : 0.11%)
• The urban population :37% of the total population.
• GDP: $28.918 Billion (2016)
• Adult literacy rate : 92% (for the population over 15 years)
41.9
54.3
- percentage of population under 15
- percentage of population between 15 and 64 years old
- percentage of population 65+
3.8
Top 10 Diseases Causing Mortality in
Zimbabwe
1. Acute respiratory infections (ARI)
2. Other Viral diseases
3. Pulmonary TB
4. Intestinal infections
5. HIV/AIDS related
6 .Injuries
7. Meningococcal and other meningitis
8. Malaria
9. Nutritional deficiencies
10. Diarrhoeal diseases
NOTE: The mortality rate for HIV/AIDS is 1,049 per 100,000 and 54
per 100,000 for tuberculosis. The mortality rate for Malaria is 10 per
100,000
•The life expectancy at birth is 45 years for both men and women.
In 2013, the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MoHCW)
launched a National Health Strategy for Zimbabwe namely
“Equity and Quality in Health: A Peoples Right” covering
the period 2013 to 2017. The objective of being to clearly
define the policy framework and the values that guide
national investment towards improving the health and
quality of life of all citizens.
• Management and administration of this Health service sector is
divided into four functional levels:
1. National level - responsible for policy formulation, regulation, resource
mobilization
2. Provincial level - provides technical and management support to the
district level, including planning coordination; overseeing implementation
of national standards and guidelines, and training
3. District level- supports, supervises and coordinates the
implementation of primary health care in the district.
4. Essential primary health care - provided at the primary or rural
health centre level
•
Traditional healers also have an important role in health delivery.
The Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers Association
(ZINATHA) was formed in 1980 to regulate their activities.
The sector relies extensively on not only qualified health
professionals but also on the infrastructure and cooperation of
manufacturers, workforce and community.
HEALTH PERSONNEL &
INFRASTRUCTURE
• Human Resource Available
Licensed pharmacists
(all sectors)
Pharmacists in the
public sector
567
717
Pharmaceutical
295
technicians and
assistants (all sectors)
Physicians (all sectors) 2,086
Nursing and midwifery 9,357
personnel (all sectors)
Distribution of
Pharmaceutical Personnel
Pharmacists
Pharmaceuti
al technicians
& assistants
66% of pharmaceutical personnel
are pharmacists and 34% are
pharmaceutical technicians and
assistants
Health Centers and Hospital
Statistics
Infrastructures
Hospitals
181
Hospital beds
38,000
Primary health care units and
centres
1,375
Licensed pharmacies
287
• The local manufacturing industry supplies 47% share by item
of the nation’s essential medicine requirements
• It is an avenue that provides direct employment and supports
Zimbabwe is a net importer of pharmaceuticals
• On average 10 per cent of output is exported (cited
destinations include South Africa, Botswana, Swaziland,
Namibia) with the rest being consumed locally.
MANUFACTURERS
•13 licensed
manufacturers according
to the Medicines Control
Authority of Zimbabwe
(MCAZ) including:
Datalabs, Varichem
Pharmaceuticals , Plus
Five Pharmaceuticals,
CAPS Private Limited
•All 13 are Good
Manufacturing Practice
(GMP) certified.
Varichem Facilities
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
REGULATION
The Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) is
the main regulatory body of the pharmaceutical industry.
MCAZ JURISDICTION
• Marketing authorization / registration
• Licensing
• Quality control
• Medicines advertising and promotion
• Clinical trials control
• Pharmacovigilance
PHARMACEUTICAL
WHOLESALERS
• Majority of medicines are imported from countries including
India, England, South Africa, etc.
• Wholesalers licensed by the MCAZ are able to import mainly
generic medicines and a few innovative brands.
• These mainly include companies such as Greenwood and
Pulse and Sky Pharmaceuticals
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION IN
ZIMBABWE
PRE- PHARMACY
EDUCATION
PHARMACY EDUCATION
•Secondary Education is based
upon the British education system
of “O” and “A” level examinations.
•List 3 preferential professional
programs when selecting a college.
To be considered for pharmacy
school, “pharmacy” must be listed
as the first choice.
•Prerequisites for admission at the
University of Zimbabwe, includes
chemistry plus 2 courses
ZIMBABWE (WHO accredited)
•Established: 1952
•Ranking: According to Times Higher
Education Supplement QS World
University Rankings the university is
ranked number 17 overall in Africa;
number 4,001 globally.
•Campuses: 2 major campuses
(including a Medical School campus)
and 3 minor campuses.
•THE UNIVERSITY OF
1) Emphasizes on communication skills to produce graduates
with the capacity to fully interact and positively benefit
other health care providers and patients.
2) Emphasis on the development of the pharmacist as a
knowledgeable drug expert with innovative problem
solving skills.
3) Compounding is a major study due to bulk compounding
more economically beneficial than purchasing prepackaged drugs from a manufacturer.
4) Duration of Study: a three-year professional degree
program The academic year is divided into three terms.
CURRICULUM
YEAR ONE
Pharmaceutics
Physical microbiology
Chemistry
Dispensing
Physiology
YEAR TWO
Pharmaceutics - consists
of biopharmaceutics,
(including
pharmacokinetics), and
microbiology
Medical microbiology
Pharmaceutical
chemistry
Forensic pharmacy
Pharmacy management
Biostatistics
Clinical introduction
Essential drug concepts
Sterile product
manufacture
Community medicine-
YEAR THREE
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacy technology
Nonprescription drugs
Clinical pharmacy
Drug information
Experiential training
Research project
Retail practice attachment
MANUFACTORING CAPABILITIES
Research and Development for
discovering new active substances
NO
Production of pharmaceutical
starting materials (APIs)
NO
The production of formulations
from pharmaceutical starting
material
The repackaging of finished
dosage forms
YES
YES
DURATION OF
3 YEARS + 1 YEAR
UNDERGRADUATE STUDY INTERNSHIP
CHINA
4 YEARS (NOT INCLUDING
AN INTERNSHIP)
DEGREE AWARDED
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
PHARMACY
MAJOR FOCUS OF
PHARMACY EDUCATION
COMMUNITY RELATED
PHARMACY
PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES & RESEARCH
CURRICULUM
STANDARDIZED
CIRRICULUM as above
mentioned
No standardized curricula or
accreditation requirements for
these programs. Basic sciences,
and basic pharmacy
Disciplines are not catalogued
into first or second levels.
Disciplines are catalogued into
majors or minors areas of
Research required for
concentration.
Bachelor’s degree
Research not required for a
Bachelor’s Degree
FURTHER EDUCATION
Masters Degree Programs as
above mentioned( 3-4 years)
No PhD
Further training at the MS (3
YEARS) and PhD (5 YEARS)
levels, concentrates on drug
discovery and development.
DIFFERENCS IN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION BETWEEN
ZIMBABWE& CHINA
ZIMBABWE
PRE- REGISTRATION
YEAR
Analogous to an internship
Conducted by Health Professions Counsel of Zimbabwe
which serves as the regulatory and licensing body.
Graduates placed under supervision of a pharmacist.
A pre-registrant may spend 6 to 12 months working in a
hospital OR industry.
Upon successful completion of one full year of work, the
graduate is deemed qualified to register for a pharmacy
license.
PHAMACISTS DEMAND
Demand and for trained pharmacy professionals in
Zimbabwe has increased in past years due to the rapid
growth and development of the healthcare and
pharmaceutical industries.
Number of pharmacists in healthcare services is also
growing
SHORTAGES
OF
PHARMACISTS
The increasing demand for pharmacists' service is currently
outpacing supply.
An unprecedented demand for pharmacists and for
pharmaceutical care services is not being met by the available
supply.
Employers throughout the country have reported difficulty in
attracting and retaining adequate numbers of pharmacists.
The economic downturn Zimbabwe is currently facing, has
impacted the need for pharmacists.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
This pertains to many aspects of the pharmaceutical
innovation system such as transfer of knowledge, experience
and technical tools
It also covers processes that improve research, production,
packaging, delivery and use of medical products.
China can educate Zimbabwe on how best to package and
extract medicines using the latest technology.
PARTNERSHIPS WITH ZIMBABWE
Partnerships approaches to facilitate research, development,
production and delivery of medicines . Mainly focusing on
research and development for neglected diseases and diseases
that contribute to both nations’ high burden of disease.
China and Zimbabwe should collaborate to initiate and
strengthen capacity to conduct clinical trials such as The
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials
Partnership (EDCTP).
HUMAN RESOURCES &
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Human resources strengthening requires wide-ranging
expertise and skills in multiple sectors and at different levels
of the system.
Zimbabwe and China should work together to improve the
quality of all human resources needed in the pharmacy
industry.
This can be done through training programs, exchange of
personnel etc
INTRODUCTION OF OPEN SOURCES
OF INFORMATION
Access to knowledge is central to the process of innovation.
Many pharmaceutical companies see sharing their databases
as a threat . New mechanisms have been created to facilitate
access to and dissemination of information on different
aspects of the pharmaceutical R&D process.
For example the Special Program on Research and Training
for Tropical Diseases (TDR) supported the creation of
networks to improve the access of researchers to scientific
information on drug R&D and production.
ESTABLISHMENT OF
COLLABORATIVE EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAMS
This includes hosting of forums, educative conferences and
meetings with specialist to educate both countries new
innovations and also on natural herbal medicines found both
in China and Zimbabwe, allowing for the implementation of
the other nation’s natural medicines in their health system.
Universities should engage in bilateral exchanges of students
and professors.
DELIVERY & ACCESS
Strong and efficient systems are essential to ensure regular
access to medical products.
Both countries need to ensure an efficient supply chain
management system e.g effective means of delivery,
prescription practice and rational use of medicines.
Both parties should ensure and promote accessibility of
products to their respective populations.
ADOPTION OF TRADE
AGREEMENTS
China can cooperate with Zimbabwe through job creation (thus
alleviating poverty and promoting social development), through
the adoption of Trade and Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS) and (DOHA) Declaration on TRIPS and Public
Health. policies, thus enhancing self-sufficiency in drug supply of
the respective nations
Alleviation of barriers to trade like certain taxes, duty, tariffs, etc
on medicines
Agreements to increase the availability of affordable, quality drugs
or offer discounts for medications of critical diseases.
THANK YOU