Transcript 013505852X_ch18

Lasley & Guskos, Criminal Investigation: An Illustrated
Case Study Approach 1ed
Chapter 18
DRUG CRIME SCENES
Class Name,
Instructor Name
Date, Semester
© 2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Know and identify types of illegal and dangerous drugs
Summarize the structure of drug laws
Be familiar with common drug production and manufacturing
locations
Describe how drug investigations are conducted
© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Know and identify types of illegal and
dangerous drugs
Narcotics
Narcotics include
drugs used primarily as
pain killers or for
anesthetic purposes;
Opium or its
derivatives and
synthetic substitutes
generally fall within
the legal definition of
a narcotic drug.
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Observable psychological & behavioral
symptoms
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Analgesia (inability to
feel pain)
Extremely relaxed,
almost sleep-like state
of awareness
Feelings of euphoria
Shallow breathing
Constricted pupils
Bloodshot eyes
Confusion, poor
judgment
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Slow, slurred speech
patterns
Possible needle marks
in arms, legs, other
extremities of the
body
Constipation
Skin infections
Seizures
Jaundice or yellow
skin due to reduced
liver function
Stimulants
• Referred to as uppers due to temporary feelings of increased
physical stamina and enhanced mental awareness
• Legal forms are Ritalin or Dexedrin for ADHD
• Illegal forms are cocaine, crack, methamphetamine
• Ingested orally, snorted, injected, smoked, or absorbed
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Symptoms of Stimulant Use
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Irritable, argumentative, nervous behavior
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Dizziness
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Paranoia
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Dilated pupils, with very little color of the eye showing
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Suppressed appetite
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Dry mouth
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Excessive thirst
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Difficulty sitting still
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Hands, feet, and body shaking
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Thin, emaciated appearance
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Rapid speech accompanied by difficulty listening and answering questions
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Poor hygiene
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Running or bleeding nose
Depressants
• Referred to as downers because they slow
the mind and body functioning
• Legitimate uses are for insomnia, anxiety,
stress
• Alcohol most commonly used depressant
• Illegal use include prescription drugs sold
illegally and GHB
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Depressant Symptoms
• Recognizable odor (alcohol)
• No recognizable odor, but drunken behavior (pills)
• Difficulty concentrating
• Clumsiness
• Poor judgment
• Slurred speech
• Sleepiness
• Contracted pupils
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Hallucinogens
• Gives an altered sensory state in which things that do not
exist in reality may be seen, felt, heard, tasted, or smelled.
• Mind altering affects
• Impair rational decision-making process
• Ketamine, medical marijuana, peyote
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Hallucinogen Symptoms
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Hallucinations
Reduced perceptual reality, sensory confusion
Tremors
Paranoia
Anxiety
Reduced inhibitions
Enhanced or reduced sensations of sight, sound, and taste
Depression
Aggressive or violent outbursts
Distortion of time, direction, and distance
Dilated pupils
Nausea, vomiting
Inhalants
• Drug of choice by adolescents and those
with limited means to purchase other
intoxicants
• Created by legal liquids, gases, and
compounds
• Gas, butane, glue, spray cans, paint,
household cleaners, etc.
• Produce a rush of dizziness
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Inhalant Symptoms
• Slurred speech
• Disorientation
• Lack of physical coordination
• Headaches
• Nausea and vomiting
• Lack of inhibition
• Coughing
• Running or bleeding nose
• Difficulty breathing
• A chemical smell on clothes, skin, and breath
• Sores or rash around mouth and nose area
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Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Summarize the structure of drug laws
The Controlled Substance Act
Passed in 1970
Established federal laws
regulating the manufacture
and distribution of drugs in the
United States; aimed at
curbing street sales and use of
illicit drugs; DEA controls
oversight and created drug
schedules—I, II, III, IV, V.
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Schedule I Drugs
The drug or other substance has a high potential for
abuse
The drug or other substance has no currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States
There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or
other substance under medical supervision
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Schedule I Drugs
Heroin
MDMA
Marijuana
Peyote and Mescaline
LSD
Psilocybin
GHB
Khat
Fentanyl
Methcathinone
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Schedule II Drugs
The drug or other substance has a high potential for
abuse.
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States or a
currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to severe
psychological or physical dependence.
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Schedule II Drugs
Hydrocodone
Methamphetamine
PCP
Morphine
Cocaine
Oxycodone
Amphetamines
Meperedine
Methylphenidate
Methadone
Ketamine
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Cocaine
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Schedule III Drugs
The drug or other substance has less potential for abuse
than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead
to moderate or low physical dependence or high
psychological dependence.
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Schedule III Drugs
Ketamine-depressant
Barbiturates & Benzodiazepinesdepressant
Anabolic Steroids- androgenic
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Schedule IV Drugs
The drug or other substance has a low potential for
abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in
Schedule III.
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States.
Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited
physical dependence or psychological dependence
relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III.
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Schedule IV Drugs
Darvon
Talwin
Equanil
Valium
Xanax
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Schedule V Drugs
The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse
relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV.
The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States
Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to limited
physical dependence or psychological dependence
relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV.
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Schedule V Drugs
Sold on the street, used most often by teenagers
as experimental drugs, substances are taken for
the secondary pharmaceuticals they contain.
Examples are cough syrups or mild pain relief
formulas containing the narcotic Codeine or
pseudoephedrine.
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Popular drugs with the Youth
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Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Be familiar with common drug
production and manufacturing
locations
Grow House
• Indoor cultivation
• One to two person
operations set up to
grow less than 50
plants of marijuana
(grow room)
• Growing and drying
are the goals of grow
houses for
manufacturing
• Discovered by law
enforcement mostly
on suspicious activities
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Grow Field Indicators
• Wooded property containing a tent or trailer with no evidence
of recreational activities
• Vehicles seen in the same isolated area on a regular basis
• Barns or greenhouses on property where they have no apparent
use
• Purchases of large amounts of fertilizer, hoses, PVC pipe, chicken
wire, and pots
• Numerous PRIVATE and KEEP OUT signs posted on seemingly
unoccupied land
• Guard dogs and alarm systems in locations where they don’t
appear to be necessary
• Cultivation or soil disturbance in area created within clearings of
trees or foliage
• Purchase or presence of large amounts of pesticide or rat poison
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Rock Houses
• Also known as crack houses
• Used primarily for street sales of crack cocaine
• Can serve to manufacture or a safe location for users
to smoke, snort, or inject the drug
• Typically these houses are burnt, abandoned,
decaying, or otherwise undesirable locations
• Normally in locations where drug sales are common
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Crack house
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Clandestine Laboratories
• 80% are used for “cooking” of methamphetamine
• Mom and pop labs—produce less than 10 ounces of
meth per cycle
• Super labs—produce up to 10 pounds of meth per
cycle
• All labs regardless of size produce a danger
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Clandestine Lab
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Clandestine Lab Hazards
Fire and explosions resulting from ignition of
volatile chemical fumes
Asphyxiation and breathing disorders
produced by inhalation of toxic vapors and
gases
Toxic poisoning from the absorption of
poisonous chemicals through surface areas
of the skin
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Possible Production of
Methamphetamine clues
Pool
cleaner
Cold &
allergy
meds
Lithium
batteries
Alert!
Battery
acid
Lye
Rock
salt
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Meth chemical acquisition
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Stealing
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Smuggling across international borders
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Fraudulent labeling
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Bribing government officials, chemical manufacturers and distributors,
deliverers
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Creating complex transaction chains so that tracking chemicals is difficult
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Purchasing chemicals from unscrupulous legitimate chemical suppliers
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Using undocumented cash transactions
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Converting unregulated chemicals into the desired illicit chemicals
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Storing chemicals in warehouses until officials lose track of them
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“Smurfing,” or purchasing drugs in small quantities that do not require
tracking
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Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
Describe how drug investigations are
conducted
Police Seizure
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Specialized Drug Crime Investigations Methods
Undercover
drug
operations
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Buy
operations
Drug raids
Preraid Activities
Gather intelligence
Conduct reconnaissance
Pictorial layout
Logistics
Communications
Emergency response
Crime lab personnel
Postraid activities
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Collection/Storage of Drug Evidence
Where do we store the drug evidence?
• Based on the type and amount of
drug evidence seized.
• Safety of all personnel is #1 in
collection of all evidence in drug
cases.
• Presumptive color test on drugs.
• Transport to appropriate storage
location.
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CHAPTER SUMMARY
Most drugs used for illegal purposes of concern to investigators
fall within six broad categories: narcotics, stimulants, depressants,
hallucinogens, and inhalants. Included within the general
category of narcotics are drugs that are primarily used as pain
killers or for anesthetic purposes. Stimulants are commonly
referred to as uppers because persons who use them experience
temporary feelings of increased physical stamina and enhanced
mental awareness. Depressants, commonly known as downers,
slowing down mind and body functions. The term hallucinogenic
drug is derived from the word hallucination, which refers to an
altered sensory state wherein things that do not exist in reality
may be seen, felt, heard, tasted, or smelled. The term inhalant is
used as a generic description for various chemical substances
inhaled to produce a rush, or euphoric sensation.
All recognized drugs, both prescription and illegal, are classified
as Schedule I, II, III, IV, or V according to the DEA Federal Drug
Schedule.
© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Indoor cultivation of illegal marijuana plants, once restricted to
rural locations, now is commonplace in suburban neighborhoods
through the use of grow houses. Areas used for large-scale illegal
marijuana or other organic drug growing activities, known as
grow fields or pot plantations, are usually located within forested
or agricultural settings. Rock houses, also called crack houses,
are used primarily for the street sales of crack cocaine, but can
also serve as a manufacturing location and a safe location for
users to smoke, snort, or inject the drug. Clandestine laboratories,
or clan labs, produce many forms of drugs, but about 80 percent
of this production involves the “cooking” of methamphetamine.
The buy bust is a one-time event where the undercover
investigator purchases illegal drugs and then immediately arrests
the suspect. When the investigator makes a drug purchase
without an immediate arrest in hopes that the unwitting suspect
will provide additional information leading to the identification
and arrest of more suspects, this technique is known as a buy
walk. In cases where the investigator assumes the role of a drug
salesperson, this method is called a reverse-buy.
© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved