Transcript Bottled Water: Environmental Health Factors

Bottled Water: Environmental Health
Factors
Jacquelyn Burton
PUBH-5165-1 Environmental Health
Instructor: Howard Rubin
April 24, 2011
Introduction
• Bottled water versus tap water
– For better
– For worse
Overview
Bottled Water Consumption
Bottled Water Waste
Bottled Water Quality
Bottled & Tap Water Regulations & Safety
Bottled Water Types
Chemical composition of plastic bottles & exposure
health risk
Bottled Water
Consumption
• Approximately
155,600,152 million people
in the United States
• Approximately $4 billion/yr
in sales
• Marketing tactics
• Perception of bottled water
‒ Pure
‒ Clean
‒ Safe
• Studies by The Natural
Resources Defense
Council
Last 10 years of bottled water
consumption in the United
States
Last 10 years of bottled water
consumption in the United States
2000-2004
2005-2010
2011
Bottled Water Waste
• Contamination of bottled water
– Manufacturing facilities
• Energy waste
– Expensive habit & wasted oil
• Disposing of plastic bottles
– Recycling
– Chemical breakdown
Bottled Water Quality
• Impure sources
• Contaminants
– Bacterial
– Chemical
• Violations
‒ Excessive levels of fluoride
‒ Excessive levels of coliform bacteria
Bottled Water Quality
•Synthetic organic chemicals
‒ Arsenic
‒ Inorganic contaminants
• Nonpoint source pollution
Bottled & Tap Water Regulations
Bottled Water Regulations
Tap Water Regulations
• Regulated by the EPA
• Stricter regulations
• Regulated by the FDA
– Food
• Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act
‒ Provides regulatory authority to the
FDA
•
Title 21: Code of Federal
Regulations (21 CFR)
‒ Defines different types of water
‒ Processing & Labeling
‒ Quality standards & Levels of
contamination
– Production & Distribution
– Quality & Source water
protection
– Operations of systems
– Levels of contamination
– Reporting
Bottled & Tap Water Regulations &
Safety
Bottled Water Regulations
Tap Water Regulations
• Inspections
– No specific program
• Collects samples for testing
• Plastic containers
• State & local governmental
regulations
• Development of new
regulations
•
•
•
•
Water testing schedules
Water treatment
State enforcement autonomy
List of contaminants
acceptable levels
Bottled Water Types
•
Artesian Water
• Mineral Water
• Purified Water
• Sparkling Bottled
Water
• Spring Water
Chemical composition of plastic
bottles & exposure health risk
Properties found in plastic bottles
Chemicals
Consequences or health risk
Effects & symptoms
Toluene
Nervous system
Loss of appetite
Kidneys
Death
Xylene
Headaches
Nervous system
Skin , eye, nose, & throat irritation
Digestive discomfort
Liver
Kidneys
Chemical composition of plastic
bottles & exposure health risk
Properties found in plastic bottles
Polyethylene terephthalate
Phthalate (Adipate- a phthalate)
Endocrine disruptors
Styrene
Nervous system
Hearing loss-observed in animals
Liver damage-observed in animals
Possible carcinogen
Arsenic
Sore throat-inorganic
Irritated Lungs-inorganic
Skin darkening
Corns/warts (palms, soles, & torso)
Carcinogenic-skin, liver, bladder, & lungs
Nitrates
Pregnancy issues
Acquired methemoglobinemia
Carcinogenic
Conclusion
• Bottled water
– $$$,$$$,$$$
– Attributed to marketing tactics
– Not regulated by the federal government
– Has contaminants & plastic used is not
biodegradable
– Pollutes the environment & Comprised of tap
water
• Tap water
−Regulated by the federal government
− $$
References
• Agency for Toxic Substances Registry. (2011). Toxic substances
portal. Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/index.asp
• American Beverage Association. (2011). Reincarnation. Retrieved
April 23, 2011 from
http://www.ameribev.org/minisites/recycling/packaging/reincarnation
.php
• Brown, L. (2009). Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to save civilization. Earth
Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www.earthpolicy.org/images/uploads/book_files/pb4ch04.pdf
• Clean Air Council. (nd). Waste and Recycling Facts. Retrieved April
23, 2011 from http://www.cleanair.org/Waste/wasteFacts.html
• Natural Resources Defense Council (nd). Bottled water, pure drink
or pure hype? Retrieved from
http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/exesum.asp
References
• Posnick, L. and Kim, H. (2002). February/March 2002 Ask the
regulators—bottled water regulation and the FDA. U.S. Food and
Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/ProductSpecificInformation/BottledWaterCarbonatedSoftDrinks/ucm077079.
htm
• Santa Clara Valley Water District. (2007, February 1). Bottle vs. tap
water. [Video File]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0K5h3VBnXc&feature=related
• Sax L. (2009). Polyethylene Terephthalate May Yield Endocrine
Disruptors. Environ Health Perspectives 118(4). Retrieved from
Environmental Health Perspectives web site
doi:10.1289/ehp.0901253
• U.S. Census Bureau (2011). U.S. & World Population Clocks.
Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
References
• U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2009, June). Bottled Water:
FDA Safety and Consumer Protections are Often Less Stringent
than Comparable EPA Protections for Tap Water. Retrieved June
2010 from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf
• Unites State Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Current
drinking water regulations. Retrieved April 24, 2011 from
http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/currentregulations.cfm
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). What is
nonpoint source pollution? Retrieved April 23, 2011 from
http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/whatis.cfm