Transcript Drug Targeting to Particular Organs

Drug Targeting to Particular
Organs
Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D
Department of Pharmaceutics
KLE University College of Pharmacy,
BELGAUM-590010, Karnataka, India.
Cell No.: 0091-9742431000
E-mail: [email protected]
28 February 2013
DDSEC, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
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CONTENT
• Drug Delivery to respiratory system.
• Problems of drug delivery to the brain
and targeting to brain.
• Drug delivery to Eye.
• Drug targeting in Neoplastic diseases.
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Targeting all respiratory
system
• Dosing to the complete respiratory system has
previously only been possible by special
nebulizer.
• Dosing to the complete respiratory system has
only been regarded as an option for a very
narrow range of therapeutics.
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Pulmonary dose + Nasal dose
• Delivery to both nasal and pulmonary
airways, it will be possible to target the
complete airway system.
• Two separate formulation technologies for
reaching nasal airways and for the pulmonary
airways.
• Nasal delivery and pulmonary delivery places
each their requirements on the powder
formulation characteristics.
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DDSEC, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
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Targeting Lung Regions
• Extrathoracic and alveolar regions
effectively be targeted with monopolydisperse aerosols respired steadily.
can
and
• Effective targeting of the bronchial region can
only be achieved with bolus inhalations.
• When particles are suspended in a gas heavier
than air, targeting the alveolar region can be
enhanced.
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Targeting Lung Regions
• Optimization
Parameters
Particle
and
Breathing
• Bolus Inhalation
• Gas Composition
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Optimization Particle and
Breathing Parameters
• Targeting extrathoracic, upper bronchial,
lower bronchial, and alveolar region for steady
state breathing of aerosols.
• The targeting efficiency can be increased for
mono-as well as polydisperse aerosols to more
than 90% by combining extrathoracic and
upper bronchial regions and lower bronchial
and alveolar regions.
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Monodisperse particles
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Mono and Polydisperse
particles
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Targeting Combined regions
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Bolus Inhalation
• Boluses are very suitable for targeting as long
as the particle sizes and breathing patterns
are used.
• Particles 1 μm in size are ideal for this
purpose because of their very low deposition
on their way to the targeted region and their
large deposition in the small peripheral lung
structures during breath-holding.
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Hydrophobic 1µm particles
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Gas Composition
• The particle-loaded inhaled gas is heavier
(lighter) than air, particles penetrate deeper
(less deep) into the lungs.
• Deposition occurs deeper in the lungs when
particle-loaded sulphox rather than particle
loaded heliox is inhaled.
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DDSEC, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
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Gas composition
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Emerging Carriers for
Respiratory Drug Delivery
• Nanoparticle Formulations for
Inhalation
• Vaccine delivery
• Gene therapy
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Targeted delivery
to the Respiratory System
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Liposomes as drug delivery
systems to alveolar macrophage
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Protein and Peptide Drugs
to the Respiratory System
• Improving the transport of the drug to its site
of action
• Improving the stability of the drug in vivo
• Prolonging the residence time of the drug at
its site of action by reducing clearance
• Decreasing the nonspecific delivery of the drug
to non-target tissues
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DDSEC, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
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Protein and Peptide Drugs
to the Respiratory System
• Decreasing irritation caused by the drug
• Decreasing toxicity due to high initial doses of the
drug
• Altering the immunogenicity of the protein
• Improving taste of the product
• Improving shelf life of the product
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Drug Targeting
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Avoiding injections
Bioavailability without
Promoter
Bioavailability with
Promoter
Nasal
2
5–40
Rectal
3
40
Buccal
0.7
25
Conjunctival
0.3–6.6
40
Pulmonary
8–30
100
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Different Types of Targeting
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Drug Delivery to Brain
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Problems of Drug Delivery
to the Brain
• The relative impermeability of the BBB
results from tight junctions between capillary
endothelial cells which are formed by cell
adhesion molecules.
• Approximately 98% of the small molecules and
nearly all large molecules (mwN1 kD,
kilodaltons), such as recombinant proteins or
gene-based medicines do not cross the BBB.
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Blood Brain Barrier
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Drug Targeting to Brain
• To bypass the BBB and to deliver
therapeutics into the brain, three
different approaches are currently used.
1. Invasive approach
2. Pharmacological approach
3. Physiological approach
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Drug Targeting in the Brain
Areas
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Pharmacological approach
• Pharmacological
approach
consists
of
modifying, through medicinal chemistry, a
molecule that is known to be active against a
CNS target to enable it to penetrate the BBB.
• Modification of drugs through a reduction in
the relative number of polar groups increases
the transfer of a drug across the BBB.
• Lipid carriers have been used for transport.
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Transport of molecules
across the BBB
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Pharmacological approach
• Formulation of drugs facilitates brain delivery
by increasing the drug solubility and stability
in plasma
• Limitations: The modifications necessary to cross
the BBB often result in loss of the desired CNS
activity. Increasing the lipophilicity of a molecule
to improve transport can also result in making it
a substrate for the efflux pump P-glycoprotein (Pgp).
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Physiological approach
• Physiological approach is recognized by the
scientific community as the onewith the most
likely chance of success.
• Transporter-mediated delivery
• Receptor-mediated transcytosis
• Receptors at the blood–brain barrier
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Physiological approach
• Transferrin receptor (TR)
• Insulin receptor
• Liposomes coated with targeting molecules
such as antibodies, Trojan Horses Liposomes
(THL)
• Nanoparticles coated with transferrin or
transferrin receptor antibodies
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Motivation
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Blood Brain Barrier
Transport Mechanism
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Drug Delivery to Eye
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Anatomy of the Eye
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Drug Delivery to Eye
 Ophthalmic preparation
 Applied topically to the cornea, or instilled in the
space between the eyeball and lower eyelid
 Solution
• Dilutes with tear and wash away through
lachrymal apparatus
• Administer at frequent intervals
 Suspension
• Longer contact time
• Irritation potential due to the particle size of drug
 Ointment
• Longer contact time and greater storage stability
• Producing film over the eye and blurring vision
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Drug Delivery to Eye
 Emulsions
• Prolonged release of drug from vehicle but
blurred vision, patient non compliance and
oil entrapment are the drawbacks.
 Gels
• Comfortable, less blurred vision but the
drawbacks are matted eyelids and no rate
control on diffusion.
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Drug Delivery to Eye
Controlled delivery system
– Release at a constant rate for a long time
– Enhanced corneal absorption
– Drug with not serious side effect or tolerate
by the patient
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Advantages
 Increase ocular residence, hence, improving
bioavailability.
 Possibility of providing a prolonged drug
release and thus a better efficacy.
 Lower incidence of visual and systemic side
effects.
 Increased shelf life with respect to aqueous
solutions.
 Exclusion of preservatives, thus reducing the
risk of sensitivity reactions
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Advantges
 Possibility of targeting internal ocular tissue
through non-corneal routes
 Reduction of systemic side effects and thus
reduced adverse effects.
 Reduction of the number of administration and
thus better patient compliance.
 Administration of an accurate dose in the eye,
which is fully retained at the administration site,
thus a better therapy.
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Classification
 Mucoadhesive dosage forms
 Ocular inserts
 Collagen shield
 Drug presoaked hydrogel type contact lens
 Ocular iontophoresis
 Polymeric solutions
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Classification
 Ocular penetration enhancers
 Phase transition systems
 Particulate system like, microspheres and
nanoparticles
 Vesicular systems like liposomes, niosomes,
phamacosomes and discosomes
 Chemical delivery system for ocular drug
targeting
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Drug Delivery to Eye
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Drug targeting to
Neoplastic Diseases
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Targeted Delivery to Tumors
• Goal is to inject treatment far from tumor
and have large accumulation in tumor and
minimal
accumulation
in
normal
cells/organs.
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Cancer Treatments
• Tumor penetration is a key issue for successful chemotherapy
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Nanoparticle use in Cancer
Treatments
• Because of their small size,
nanoparticles can pass through
interstitial
spaces
between
necrotic and quiescent cells.
• Tumor cells typically have larger
interstitial spaces than healthy
cells
• Particles collect in center bringing
therapeutics to kill the tumor
from inside out.
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Nanoparticle Targeting and
Accumulation
• To maximize their effectiveness, the microenvironment
of the tumor must be quantified and vectors developed to
specifically target the tumor.
Necrotic
Quiescent
Proliferating
Therapeutic
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Thank You
E-mail: [email protected]
Cell No: 00919742431000
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