Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage
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Transcript Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage
Primary Postpartum
Haemorrhage
Max Brinsmead MB BS PhD
May 2015
Introduction
The average gravida carries 1 - 1.5 l of
“extra blood” in pregnancy as prophylaxis
against PPH but…
PPH is still the major cause of obstetric
death especially in developing countries
10 - 15% of women lose >600 ml of blood at
delivery and…
For 1 - 2% the blood loss can be life
threatening
This presentation will address…
Current guidelines for the management of
the third stage of labour and their evidence
base
Emergency (First aid) and
Advanced Measures for the management of
excessive blood loss in the first 24 hours
after birth
From the Cochrane
Database
Active vs Expectant Management of the 3rd
stage of labour
• Now withdrawn as out of date
Oxytocin vs Ergometrine
Oxytocin vs Prostaglandins
Uterine massage in preventing PPH
Active vs Expectant Management
of 3rd Stage Labour
4 studies - all in the UK
Active management associated with:
Reduced blood loss (-79 ml, CI 64-94 mls less)
Fewer PPH >500 ml (OR=0.34, CI 0.28-0.41)
Shorter 3rd stage (-3.4 min, CI 4.66-2.13 min
less)
Active vs Expectant Management
of 3rd Stage Labour
For the individual patient this may mean:
If she declines the administration of an oxytocic
drug she has a 1:6 chance of losing >500 ml
blood
If she has an oxytocic drug this is reduced to a
1:20 chance of losing >500 ml blood
Active vs Expectant Management
of 3rd Stage Labour
Active management is associated with:
Increased rate of maternal nausea &
vomiting (OR 1.95, CI 1.58 - 2.42)
Increased rate of maternal hypertension
Delayed vs Early (within 60
sec) Cord Clamping
Is associated with:
No difference in the rate of PPH (RR 1.22 CI
0.96–1.55)
Increased rates of jaundice requiring
phototherapy
Neonatal advantages in terms of Hb levels
and Ferritin up to 6 months of age
NICE Guidelines (2007) for
management of the 3rd Stage
Active management is recommended i.e.
• IM Oxytocin 10 IU
• Early cord clamping
• Cord traction
Women at low risk of PPH who elect to have physiological
management should have their choice respected
Active management is required if
• There is PPH
• The placenta is not delivered within 60 min
• Patient requests earlier intervention
Cord traction and uterine palpation should only be used after an
oxytocic has been given
Syntometrine vs Syntocinon
for 3rd Stage Labour
Use of Syntometrine results in:
Fewer PPHs (OR 0.74, CI 0.65-0.85)
BUT
More vomiting
Greater risk maternal hypertension
And greater risk of retained placenta
Prostaglandins for the
Prevention of PPH
Injected PG s resulted in:
Reduced mean blood loss
Shorter 3rd stage
Non sigificant reduction in rate PPH but…
Shivering (almost 20%)
Diarrhoea
Abdominal pain
Increased cost
Rectal Misoprostol
PPH rate reduced from 7.0% to 4.8% (not
significant in the study reported) but
Fewer side effects than after IM or oral use
of PG’s
This drug is cheap and stable and could
have an enormous impact on maternal
mortality in developing countries
Carbetocin
Danseraua et al Am J Obstet Gynecol March 99
694 women in a Canadian multicentre trial
One dose Carbetocin 100 ug cf 8 hour
Oxytocin infusion
Outcome studied “additional oxytocic
required”
Fewer patients requiring additional oxytocic
after Carbetocin (OR = 2.03, CI 1.1 - 2.8)
Uterine massage after
delivery of the placenta…
Only one study of 200 patients and that was with
active management of 3rd stage:
The rate of PPH was halved but not statistically
significant
BUT
Mean blood loss reduced by massage (-42 ml CI -8
to -75)
Reduced need for extra oxytocic (RR 0.20 CI 0.080.50)
2 transfusions required in the no massage group
Also from the Cochrane
Database
No benefit from cord drainage
No benefit from umbilical vein injection of
oxytocic
No benefit from early suckling
Chinese traditional medicine report pending
Risk factors for Primary PPH
Prolonged labour
APH
Pre eclampsia
Maternal obesity
Multiple pregnancy
Birth weight >4000g
Advanced maternal age
Previous PPH
Assisted delivery
Low lying placenta
But >50% occur in women without identified risk
factors and…
90% are associated with uterine atony
And all studies of massive PPH fail to identify
consistent risk factors
Patient Assessment
Objective measure of blood loss is desirable
Postural hypotension the earliest sign
Tachycardia is usual
Air hunger and loss of consciousness is
serious
Urine output a good measure of treatment
CVP sometimes
A bedside test of blood clotting desirable
Emergency Measures
Rub up a contraction
Deliver the placenta
• If you can
Gain IV access (large bore cannula)
Additional oxytocic
• IV Ergometrine 0.25 mg
• Syntocinon infusion
• Rectal Cervagem or Misoprostol
(Empty the bladder)
Bimanual uterine compression
Aortic compression
Advanced Measures 1
Get help
Check coagulation - use
cryoprecipitate etc.
EUA is mandatory
Myometrial PG F2 alpha
Uterine Packing
• Intrauterine balloon catheter
Consider activated Factor VII
Intrauterine Balloon Tamponade
BJOG Review May 2009
Was effective in 91.5% of cases
• Combined retrospective and prospective studies
• But only a total of 106 patients
Types of balloons
•
•
•
•
•
Sengstaken Blakemore (GI use)
Rusch (Urological)
Foley (often multiple)
Bakri (Specifically designed for obstetrics)
Condom (+/- Foley)
But there remain many unanswered
questions
Questions concerning intrauterine balloon
tamponade
BJOG Review May 2009
Is it effective
• There are no RCTs
Risks and contraindications
Which balloon to use, how to insert it
and what volume to inflate it
Is a vaginal pack required
Is an oxytocin infusion required
Antibioitics and analgesia
When to deflate and or remove it
Advanced Measures 2
Get more help
• Medical – haematologist
• Surgical colleague
• Radiologist for…
Uterine artery embolisation
Laparotomy and…
B-Lynch suture
Internal iliac artery ligation
Aortic clamping
Hysterectomy
Any Questions or
Comments?
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