Transcript Harmful effects

Substance Abuse and
Dependency
Chapter 14
Say No to Drugs & Alcohol
Abuse!
Terminology
• Substance use: When a person uses a legal or illegal substance
• Substance abuse: Repeated and prolonged or heavy use of
substances
• Substance dependency: Continued use of a legal or illegal
substance that has a negative effect on a person’s behavior,
physiology, or health
• Addiction: A person’s compulsion to continually use a substance
regardless of the negative consequences
• Withdrawal: Process that happens when a person discontinues
use of a substance that has been used for a long time
Scope of the Problem
• Substance abuse and dependency are prevalent societal
problems.
• 79,000 deaths in the United States are associated with alcohol use
annually.
• 17,000 deaths in the United States are associated with illicit drug use
annually.
• In 2006, 22.6 million people reportedly abused or were dependent on
alcohol or illicit drugs.
• Substance abuse and dependency have a high prevalence
but are under recognized problems.
• Substance abuse and dependency are complex issues
because of the factors that could be associated with them.
• (smoking accounts for over 400,000 deaths! Yet it is legal).
2006 Statistics for People
Aged 12 or Older
Common Reasons for
Substance Use
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Peer pressure
Boredom
Family history
Genetics
Availability
Gender Differences
• Men (30.8%) are more likely to drink heavily or binge drink
compared with women (15.1%).
• Women are more likely than men to have their first alcoholic
drink later in life.
Racial and Ethnic Differences
• According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, in
2004 minorities were more likely to abuse substances
compared with the majority group (NSDUH Report 2004,
2007).
• Alcohol and illicit drug use among races who live in large
metropolitan areas were as follows:
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11.6%
11.2%
9.7%
8.6%
7.2%
2.9%
Interracial
American Indian and Alaska Native
African American
White
Hispanic
Asian
Risk Factors
• Substance abuse and dependency increase the likelihood of
engaging in risky behaviors and developing adverse health effects.
• The duration of use and the type of chemicals found in the
substances determines the type of effects a person will
experience.
Effects of Use: Risky Behaviors
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Violence
• Property damage
• Risky sexual activities
Effects of Use: Adverse Health
Effects
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Personality changes
Damage to the brain, liver, and central nervous system
Cardiovascular disease
Cancer
Shorter life span
Death
Levels of Prevention Efforts
• Primary prevention
• Secondary prevention
• Tertiary prevention
Primary Prevention
• During this stage, people are not abusing or dependent on
substances.
• Goal: Preventing abuse and dependency before it starts.
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Pamphlets
Outreach fairs
Educational classes
Enforcement of laws
Secondary Prevention
• During this stage, the abuser or dependent has been using
substances for a short time.
• Goal: Preventing relapse and reducing the chances of the abuse or
dependency getting worse.
• Examples:
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Admittance to treatment facility
Medications
Counseling
Changes in lifestyle
Tertiary Prevention
• During this stage, the abuser or dependent has been using
substances for a long time.
• Goal: Reducing or preventing likelihood of chronic diseases
and death.
• Examples:
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Aggressive treatment programs
Medications
Counseling
Monitoring behavior
Alcohol
• In the United States, approximately 79,000 deaths are associated
with alcohol consumption annually.
• In 2003, 2 million patients were admitted into the hospital due to
alcohol-related incidents.
• Binge drinking is consuming more than 4 (for women) or 5 (for
men) alcoholic drinks in one occasion.
• Heavy drinking is having more than 1 (for women) or 2 (for men)
alcoholic drinks per day.
• Excessive drinking is binge drinking, heavy drinking, or both.
• Alcoholism is a disease where a person becomes dependent on
alcohol.
Effects of Too Much Alcohol
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Reduced breathing and heart rate
Inability to make informed decisions
Motor vehicle accidents
Falls
Drowning
Suicide
Homicide
Risky sexual activities
Unintended pregnancies
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Liver disease
Cancer
Death
Standard Measure of Alcohol
• Men: no more than 2 drinks
per day
• Women: no more than 1 drink
per day
• Standard drink:
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12 oz (355 ml) of beer or wine
8 oz (237 ml) of malt liquor
5 oz (148 ml) of wine
1.5 oz (44 ml) of 80-proof
distilled spirits or liquor
Tobacco Products
• In 2004, approximately 29% of the U.S. population aged 12
years or older used some form of tobacco product.
• More than 45 million adults in the United States currently
smoke cigarettes.
Forms of Tobacco Use
• Smoking (mainstream smoke): cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and bidis
• Smokeless tobacco: chewing tobacco, dry snuff, and moist snuff
• Secondhand smoke (sidestream smoke): mixture of gases and
particles from cigarettes, cigars, or pipes inhaled by someone
other than the smoker
Harmful Ingredients in
Cigarettes
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Formaldehyde
Cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Ammonia
Tar
Nicotine
Nicotine
• Nicotine causes the addiction.
• Absorbs quickly into the body and lungs.
• Influences the brain to want more.
Health Effects of Nicotine
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Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Change in blood flow
Shortness of breath
Cancer
Death
Cocaine
• Common names are blow, nose candy, snowball, tornado, wicky
stick, and perico.
• Two forms for use are crack and powdered.
• Provides immediate euphoria, including hyperstimulation,
increased alertness, decreased need for food and sleep, and
improvement in ability to perform tasks.
• Harmful effects are that it’s very addictive and it’s hard to stay in
control using it.
Heroin
• Most abused drug in the United States.
• Fastest-acting opiate.
• Common names are smack, H, skag, nose drop, and
junk.
• Sold as white or brown powder or as black sticky
substance.
• Injection is most common form of use.
• Harmful effects are collapsed veins, infection of heart
lining, abscesses, and liver disease.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
• MDMA is a synthetic psychoactive
drug.
• Common names are STC, E, X,
beans, Adam, hug drug, disco
biscuit, and go.
• Acts as a stimulant and psychedelic.
• Causes euphoria that produces a
sense of closeness, empathy, and
sexiness. Reduces inhibitions.
Enhances tactile experiences.
• Risks include adverse health effects
and death.
Inhalants
• Many common household
products can be used as
inhalants, including spray
paint, glue, and cleaning
fluid.
• Can be sniffed, snorted, or
huffed.
• Provide users with
psychoactive feeling similar
to effects of alcohol use.
• Harmful effects include
heart, lung, liver, and kidney
damage, as well as death.
LSD
• Lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD) is a hallucinogen that
comes in the form of tablet,
capsule, or liquid.
• Common names are acid,
blotter acid, windowpane,
dots, and yellow mellow.
• LSD isn’t addictive, but it can
cause major adverse health
effects.
Marijuana
• One of the most commonly
used illicit drugs in the
United States.
• Common names are grass,
pot, weed, bud, Mary Jane,
dope, indo, and hydro.
• Usually smoked.
• Produces euphoria.
• Health effects are debated.
Methamphetamine
• Very addictive.
• Common names are speed,
meth, tweak, chalk, and poor
man’s cocaine.
• Comes in pill form or can be
injected, smoked, or snorted.
• Health effects include
increased heart rate,
irregular heartbeat,
increased blood pressure,
hyperthermia, anxiety,
insomnia, confusion,
tremors, and convulsions.
Steroids
• Anabolic-androgenic steroids build tissue that
promotes masculine characteristics.
• Common names are Arnolds, gym candy,
pumpers, ’roids, stackers, weight trainers, gear,
and juice.
• Taken orally, injected, or rubbed on skin.
• Not addictive.
• Harmful effects:
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Decreased HDL
Increased cholesterol
Increased risk of liver tumors and liver damage
Gynecomastia
Elevated blood pressure
Decresed sperm count
Acne
Deepening of the voice
Enlargement of clitoris
Male pattern baldness
Facial hair
Hirsutism
Testicular atrophy
Psychotic episodes
Increased aggression
Increased risk of AIDS from sharing needles
Ms.Olympia 1980
Ms.Olympia 2012
The Lure of Steroids and
Ergogenic Aids!
• 98% of elite athletes said they
would take a banned performanceenhancing substance with two
guarantees—they would not be
caught and they would win.
• 60% said they would do so even if
it meant they would die from the
side effects!
Ben Johnson, 1984 Olympics
Prescribed Medications
• Opioids (morphine, codeine) relieve pain.
• Central nervous system depressants (barbiturates,
benzodiazepines) treat anxiety, stress, and panic attacks.
• Stimulants (Dexedrine, Ritalin) increase energy, attention, and
alertness.
• All cause adverse health effects when abused.
Overall Drug Use in the United
States