Transcript Toxicology Drugs

TOXICOLOGY
DRUGS
DRUGS
• NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC
SUBSTANCES
•
USED TO PRODUCE
PSYCHOLOGICAL
OR PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Psychological dependence
Psychological Dependence
Drug is used to fulfill EMOTIONAL needs
- Cope with life
- To feel more comfortable in social settings
CRACK is the most
PSYCHOLOGICALLY
addictive
Physical Dependence
Physical Dependence
• Physical dependence means the body gets
used to the drug, it needs more and more of it to
accomplish the same effect.
• Finally, the drug is merely used to counteract
the withdrawal symptoms that appear when no
drugs are being taken. Perspiring, feeling cold,
goose flesh/pimples (cold turkey), running nose,
stomach cramps, aching muscles, diarrhea.
DRUGS
• NECESSARY TO SUSTAIN AND
PROLONG LIFE
EXAMPLES:
• INSULIN
• AIDS DRUGS
DRUGS
•
•
AS AN ESCAPE
DRUGS
AS A WAY TO
END LIFE
LEGAL EUTHANASIA:
IN US OREGON
NETHERLANDS,
BELGIUM
SWITZERLAND
Narcotics
Substances that
reduce
or relieve
pain
and induce
sleep
Heroin
Derived from morphine
which is obtained from the opium poppy
Street Names:
“dope” “smack”
“China white”
“Cheese”
“Black Tar”
How used:
• Mainlining: injecting into
a vein or muscle
• Smoked (mixed with
marijuana in a joint)
• Snorted as a powder
Short-term Effects
»
SLOWS DOWN
Euphoria
Clouds Mental Function
Long-Term Effects
Most
physically
Addictive drug
Chronic use
Heart
Infections
liver
disease
Heroin tolerance
CODEINE
• Prepared
synthetically
from
MORPHINE
• 1/6 as strong
as morphine
Methadone
synthetic opiate
Used to treat heroin addiction
Propoxyphene (Darvon)
Pain Reliever
1 of top 10 drugs found
in bodies at autopsy
Oxycontin
–
–
acetaminophen (tylenol)
and oxycodone
–
used to treat severe pain
–
–
–
tablets crushed & ingested
or dissolved in water and
injected
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF
OXYCONTIN
• “RUSH” SIMILAR TO HEROIN
• RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
• CONSTIPATION, NAUSEA, VOMITING
• CARDIAC ARREST
• SEVERE WITHDRAWAL
(“FLU x 1000”- 2 WKS)
Depressants
Barbiturates
Relax and produce sleep
“Barbs”
“Yellow Jackets”
“Blue Devils”
“Reds”
Fast-acting barbiturates are
the most commonly abused :
Secobarbital,
Pentobarbital,
Amobarbital
1/3 of all
Drug-related
deaths
Short-term Effects
• Relaxes
• Impairment of higher thinking
• Induces sleep
Long-term Effects of Barbiturates
Withdrawal:
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•
•
•
•
Insomnia
Muscle spasms
Delirium
Convulsions
Can lead to death
Methaqualone
• Quaaludes “Ludes”
• Non-barbiturate depressant
• Powerful sedative & muscle relaxant
Tranquilizers
• Depressants
that relax
• Proper
dosage does
not impair
Ketamine
–
•
Veterinarian anesthesia
“Special K” “Vitamin K”
new ecstasy
Ketamine
Hallucinogenatory
effects:
-Euphoria
-Delirium
-Amnesia
-High blood pressure
Higher doses can
stop breathing-DEATH
Mixed in drinks
As a powder–snorted
“K-HOLE”
• NO PAIN
• HALLUCINOGEN
• COMA
GHB
“Liquid X”
“G”
“Liquid E”
GHB IS MADE OF:
A CNS DEPRESSANT
GHB: DATE-RAPE DRUG
• COLORLESS
• ODORLESS
• SLIGHT, BITTER
TASTE
• DISSOLVES IN WATER
GHB: Short-term Effects
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•
•
•
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•
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Drowsiness
Vomiting
Delusions
Depression
Amnesia
Coma
Death
Increasing
dosages
GHB: Long-term Effects
• Physically addictive
• unknown
“Roofies”
Tasteless
Odorless
Dissolves in water
Used crushed
Also
Legal in 60
countries
….not in U.S.
Rohypnol: Short-term Effects
Sedative
Hypnotic effect
Muscle relaxant
Amnesia
At higher dosages:
respiratory depression
With alcohol: no memory
COMA
HUFFING: INHALANT ABUSE
• RAG IS SOAKED IN
INHALANT AND PLACED IN
MOUTH. THE INHALANT
VAPORIZES AND GOES TO
THE LUNGS,THEN TO THE
BRAIN
• COMMON HOUSEHOLD
PRODUCTS
• ONLY TYPE OF DRUG
ABUSE MORE COMMON IN
YOUNGER CHILDREN THAN
IN TEENS
GLUE-SNIFFING
USUALLY TOLUENE
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS:
Exhilaration, euphoria,slurred
Speech, impaired judgement,
Double vision
LONG-TERM EFFECTS:
Liver, heart, brain damage
DEATH
LEGAL
STIMULANTS
SPEEDS
UP
CNS
AMPHETAMINES
• SYNTHETIC STIMULANTS
• “UPPERS”
• “SPEED”
THE NAZIS USED
AMPHETAMINES
SO TROOPS WOULD
NOT NEED SLEEP
WORLD WAR II
SOLDIERS
USED AMPHETAMINES
TO STAY AWAKE
METHAMPHETAMINES
“ICE”
“CRANK”
“METH”
“SPEED”
METHAMPHETAMINES
• Powerful stimulant
• Taken orally, injected, snorted, or
smoked
• Use is on rise because it is mixed with
Ecstacy
Meth: Short-term Effects
Increased energy
Decrease in appetite
Euphoria
Irritability
Aggression
Then EXHAUSTION and DEPRESSION
Decrease in Heart and Breathing Rates
Violent,
destructive
behavior
Hallucinations
Acute psychosis
Delusions
“Meth Mites”
Your Brain on Meth..
•
Healthy Brain
SPECTscan – shows blood flow to brain
Meth Brain
Effects Similar to
Stroke or Alzheimers
Meth: Long-term Effects
• Can overdose on Meth
COCAINE/CRACK
(“WHITE COLLAR”) (“BLUE COLLAR”)
“SNOW”
“COKE”
FROM COCA PLANT
COCAINE: Snorted
or dissolved in water
And then injected
CRACK: smoked
or snorted
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Extreme euphoria
COCAINE:
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
•
•
•
•
•
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Increased Body Temperature
Increased Heart Rate
Increased Blood Pressure
Imsomnia
Loss of appetite
CARDIAC ARREST/RESPIRATORY
FAILURE
LONG-TERM
EFFECTS
• PARANOIA
• AGGRESSION
• STRONGEST
PSYCHOLOGICALLY
-ADDICTIVE
DRUG
STIMULANTS: RITALIN
• Abused by crushing
&snorting
OR
• Injected like heroin
•
euphoria
RITALIN:
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
SIMILAR TO COCAINE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increased Body Temperature
Increased Heart Rate
Increased Blood Pressure
Imsomnia
Loss of appetite
CARDIAC ARREST/RESPIRATORY
FAILURE
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Irregular heartbeat & breathing
Anxiety
Paranoia
Hallucinations
Delusions
HALLUCINOGENS
AFFECTS
MOODS
ATTITUDES
PERCEPTION
MARIJUANA
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
TetraHydroCannabinol - THC
Short-term Effects:
Distorted perception
Problems with memory and
learning
MARIJUANA:
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
• HIGHER
CONCENTRATION THAN
TOBACCO OF CANCERCAUSING COMPOUNDS
• STRONG
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEPENDENCY
Changes in brains similar to
those of long-term heroin,
cocaine, or alcohol users
Is Marijuana a GATEWAY DRUG?
•
Koob, M.D., of the Scripps Research
Institute says that studies of long-term
exposure to cannabinoids, the active
ingredient in marijuana, suggest that
addiction to one drug could make a person
vulnerable to abuse and addiction to other
drugs. Cannabis abuse, he says, appears to
activate corticotropin-releasing factor, a
brain chemical that increases during periods
of stress. Consequently, Koob says, this
could "lead to a subtle disruption of brain
processes that are then 'primed' for further
and easier disruption by other drugs of
abuse."
George
• Critics of the idea note that even if
people who use cocaine started with
marijuana, it is not clear that the
marijuana use caused or encouraged
the cocaine use: The person may
simply have encountered marijuana
first, and/or is the sort of person more
inclined than others to experiment with
a variety of illegal drugs. Fewer than
one percent of marijuana users go on
to become cocaine addicts.
MEDICINAL USE OF MARIJUANA
TREATING
GLAUCOMA
TREATING NAUSEA
FROM CHEMOTHERAPY
LSD “ACID”
-Produced from ergot –
a fungus
-First synthesized in 1938
by Dr. Albert Hoffman
LSD: Short-term Effects
• Hallucinations
• Alters mood
• Distorts reality
• Increases Heart Rate
LSD: Long-Term Effects
FLASHBACKS
PSYCHOTIC
REACTIONS
(LOSS OF
CONTACT WITH
REALITY)
PCP: PHENCYLIDINE
• INTRAVENOUS ANASTETIC
• “ANGEL DUST” “KILLER WEED”
• SNORTED, SMOKED, OR INGESTED
• Often used as an additive to marijuana,
LSD, or methamphetamine
PCP: Short-Term Effects
• Increased breathing rate, blood pressure, and
pulse rate
• High doses: vomiting,
nausea
• Aggressive behavior
• violence
• inability to feel pain
PCP: Long-term Effects
•
•
•
•
Memory loss
Speech difficulties
Depression
Mixing PCP with
alcohol or other
depressants can
lead to coma or
death
ECSTASY
•
•
•
•
MDMA
A synthetic drug
Tablet form
“Adam” “Bean” “E” “XTC”
Ecstacy: Short-Term Effects
•
•
•
•
•
Increase in REM
EXCESSIVE energy
FIRST EFFECTS
Euphoria
Serotonin high
Pschological effects: confusion,
depression, anxiety, paranoia
• Physical Effects: nausea, blurred
vision, HIGH BODY TEMPERATURES
(104-1150F), DEHYDRATION, INCREASED
HEART RATE, HYDRATION
ECSTASY: Long-Term Effects
• Permanent damage
to neurons that
release serotonin
• Memory impairment
• Kidney damage
• Permanent brain
damage
• May develop
addiction to HEROIN
because it is often
laced into Ecstacy
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
SYNTHETIC–RELATED TO TEST0STERONE
INGESTED OR TOPICAL
TESTOSTERONE: • ACCELERATED
MUSCLE GROWTH
SHORT-TERM
•
SECONDARY
MALE
EFFECTS
CHARACTERISTICS
• MASCULIZING
EFFECTS ON
FEMALES
• DIMINISHED SEX
DRIVE IN MALES
• UNPROVOKED
ANGER AND
DESTRUCTIVE
BEHAVIOR
ANABOLIC STEROIDS:
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
• LIVER DISEASES
• LIVER CANCER
• FEMINIZATION
OF MALES
XENADRINE RFA-1:
A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT
• COMPOSED OF CAFFEINE AND EPHEDRA
• TABLETS ARE INGESTED
• SHORT-TERM EFFECTS: Increases blood
pressure and heart rate, insomnia,
increases METABOLISM
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
DRUG CONTROL LAWS
THE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT
OF 1970:
DRUGS CLASSIFIED BY:
1. POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL OR
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
3. MEDICAL VALUE
SCHEDULE 1 DRUGS:
• High potential for abuse
• High potential for physiological and/or
psychological dependence
• No medical value
SCHEDULE 1 DRUGS:
HEROIN, MARIJUANA, LSD, METHQUOLENE
SCHEDULE 2 DRUGS:
• High potential for abuse
• Potential for physiological and/or psychological
dependence
• ACCEPTED medical value
•
SCHEDULE 2 DRUGS:
AMPETAMINES,COCAINE,METHODONE, PCP,
and most BARBITURATES (amobarbital,
secobarbital, pentobarbital)
and DRONABINOL(A SYNTHETIC EQUIVALENT OF
THC – TREATING GLAUCOMA AND EFFECTS OF
CHEMOTHERAPY)
SCHEDULE 3 DRUGS:
• LESS potential for abuse
• LOW TO MODERATE potential for
physiological
• HIGH psychological dependence
• Medical use in US
SCHEDULE 3 DRUGS:
ALL BARBITURATES(EXCEPT PHENOBARBITOL)
NOT COVERED IN SCHEDULE 2 , CODEINE,
AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS
SCHEDULE 4 DRUGS:
• LOW potential for abuse
• LIMITED potential for physiological and or
psychological dependence
• Medical use in US
SCHEDULE 4 DRUGS:
PHENOBARBITOL, DARVON, VALIUM
SCHEDULE 5 DRUGS:
• LOW potential for abuse
• LOW potential for physiological and or
psychological dependence
• Medical use in US
SCHEDULE 5 DRUGS:
NON-NARCOTIC MEDICINES