Transcript Storage and Maintenance of Drugs

Storage and Maintenance of Drugs
Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D
Department of Pharmaceutics
KLE University College of Pharmacy
BELGAUM-590010, Karnataka, India
E-mail: [email protected]
Cell No,: 0091-9742431000
25 April 2012
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Storage and Maintenance of Drugs
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Definitions
Introduction
Near Expiring drugs Chart
List of Available Medicine for Public
Classification and Arrangement of Drugs
Calendar of Drugs
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What is a drug
• A drug can be given three possible operational
definitions:
• A chemical substance that affects the processes of the
body or mind;
• Any chemical compound used on or administered to
humans or animals as an aid in the diagnosis,
treatment or prevention of disease, or other abnormal
condition, for the relief of pain or suffering, or to
control or improve any physiologic or pathologic
state;
• A substance used recreationally for its effects on the
central nervous system.
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Introduction
• The Drugs which are purchased from the market are
stored in drug stores to provide a uniform supply of
drugs to the patients.
• The drugs are stocked in containers, such as drums
and boxes and on flexible racks and shelves etc.
• It must be ensure that drugs which are stored in a
drug store remain preserved during their storage.
• There should not be any damage due to high
temperature or exposure to sunlight.
• The drugs are to be stored as per the prescribed
conditions of their storage.
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Introduction
• The drugs stored in a drug store be arranged in such a
way that they are easily traceable as and when
required.
1. According to manufacturers
2. According to pharmacological action
3. Alphabetically
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Storage and Maintenance
• Drugs to be stored under condition that prevent
contamination & as far as possible,
deterioration
• “Well closed container” precautions to be
taken in relation to the effects of the
atmosphere, moisture, heat &light.
• “Protected from moisture” means that the
product is to be “stored in air tight container”
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Protected from light
• “Protected from light” the product is to be
stored either in a container made of material
that absorbs actinic light sufficiently to protect
the contents from change induced by such
light.
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Temperature
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In a deep freeze
In a refrigerator
Cold or cool
Room temperature
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(-15°C)
2°C -8°C
8°C-15°C
15°C-25°C
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Storage, Maintenance & Security
• All drugs, including samples, should be maintained
separate from non-medications in a locked cabinet or
drug room which is sufficiently secure to deny access
to unauthorized persons.
• Key should be available only to authorized personnel
who are assigned medication-related responsibilities.
• Place medication in to stock immediately upon
receipt.
• Store medications that are “for external use only”
separate from medications intended for internal use.
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Storage, Maintenance & Security
• Store look-alike and sound-alike drugs separately.
• Store drugs in conditions required per labeling or
other official guidelines.
• Maintain temperature between 59 degree and 86
degrees Fahrenheit for non-refrigerated medications.
• Where refrigeration is necessary use a “Medications
Only” refrigerator and maintain temperature between
36 degrees and 46 degrees Fahrenheit.
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Storage, Maintenance & Security
• On daily basis check, verify and document the proper
temperature
• All multiple-dose injectable medications should be
initialed and have the date of first entry recorded on
the label.
• Multiple dose vials remain potent until
manufacturer’s date on the vial.
• Rotate medication stock monthly employing a
“FIFO” (first in/first out) process.
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Storage requirements
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Selection of drugs
Distribution of drugs
Safe administration of drugs
Rational use of drugs
Labelling, including cautionary labelling
Recall of drugs
Reporting of drug product defects
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Storage
• Products should be stored Batch wise and Product
wise on raised platforms.
• The storage should not hinder the cleaning and
should have sufficient space for movement of
stocks and handling.
• Products are to be stored in a manner that
prevents damage due to excessive vertical
stacking heights as per Manufacturers Instructions
and in no case not to exceed eight stacks.
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Storage
• The products must not get exposed to direct
sunlight, rain etc.
• Store the products as per product storage
condition (As per label) to prevent
deterioration of finished product on storage.
• Monitor and record the temperature of storage
area on daily basis.
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Storage Premises
• The Storage area must be free from unsanitary
conditions(Ex Rodents, insects, Birds, litter etc).
• The floor of the warehouse should be made of
hard floor (Concrete /Kota/Epoxy) and must be in
a good state of repair and appearance at all times.
• The floors are kept clean and free of trash, dirt,
sippage water, drain water etc.
• The area must be kept clean and free of refuse.
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Storage Premises
• The area used for storage of IV fluids should have
adequate space and to prevent exposure to direct
sunlight.
• Secured area availability for damaged, rejected and
expired goods.
• Ensure adequate pest control program in place and
shall be carried out at a minimum frequency of a year.
• The Pest control shall cover treatment for Termite and
Rodents.
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Drug expiry
• Shelf life- the time where a given product stored
under reasonable condition, is expected to remain
stable (>90%potency)
• Essential drugs- drugs that satisfy the health care
needs of the majority of the population.
• Essential drugs should there fore available at all
times in adequate amounts & in appropriate
dosage forms at a price the individual & the
community afford
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Expiry dates
• Medications must not be administered, and
products and equipment must not be used beyond
their expiry dates.
• Cleaning and sterilizing reusable equipment.
• All medical equipment, dressings and solutions
used during invasive procedures must be sterile.
• All medical equipment such as drip stands,
mechanical and electronic infusion devices etc
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Expiry dates
• Cleaning should be followed by disinfection, if
necessary, in line with local policy.
• Sterilisation and disinfection solutions must be in
accordance with manufacturers guidelines.
• Disinfection solutions must be bactericidal,
virucidal, fungicidal, sporicidal and tuberculocidal.
• Single-use devices are meant for single use only
and must not be re-used.
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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List of Essential Medicine
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Drug Storage
1. Proper drug storage
2. Storage Environment
3. Arrangement of drugs
on shelves
4. The storeroom
5. The dispensary
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Proper drug storage
• Drugs are stored in a specially designed secure area
or space of a building in order to:
• Avoid contamination or deterioration,
• Avoid disfiguration of labels,
• Maintain integrity of packaging and so guarantee
quality and potency of drugs during shelf life,
• Prevent or reduce pilferage, theft or losses,
• Prevent infestation of pests and vermin.
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Storage Environment
• The storage environment should possess the
following:
• Adequate temperature,
• Sufficient lighting,
• Clean conditions,
• Humidity control,
• Cold storage facilities,
• Adequate shelving to ensure integrity of the stored
drugs.
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Arrangement of drugs on shelves
• Shelves should be made of steel or treated wood.
• Shelves should be strong and robust.
• Drugs are arranged in alphabetical order of generic
names.
• Each dosage form of drug is arranged in separate and
distinct areas.
• Sufficient empty space should demarcate one drug or
dosage form from another.
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Arrangement of drugs on shelves
• Most recently received drugs are placed behind
old stock on the shelf except where new drugs
have shorter expiration dates.
• Keep the environment clean.
• Always put lids properly on tins always and at
the close of the day.
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Arrangement of drugs on shelves
• Put drugs in a dry place protected from light
and heat.
• Store liquids on a pallet on the floor or on the
lowest shelf.
• The store must be cleaned daily and mopped at
least once a week.
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The storeroom
• A well-arranged store enables easy identification of
drugs and saves time when picking a drug from the
shelves.
• Put drugs on the shelves in alphabetical order
corresponding to the essential drug list.
• This helps remove drugs quickly and makes for easy
inventory control.
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The storeroom
• The rule of FIRST IN FIRST OUT (FIFO) should be
applied always.
• So, drugs that were received first should be used first,
except where the new stock has shorter expiration dates
than the old stock.
• In this regard, the principle of FIRST TO EXPIRE
FIRST OUT (FEFO) should apply.
• To have access to drugs with shorter expiration dates first,
put these in front of the shelves.
• Those with longer expiration dates should be placed
behind those with shorter dates.
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The dispensary
• Retain a daily drug use record in the dispensary.
• Provide a table for dispensing drugs.
• To facilitate work, do not overcrowd the dispensing
table.
• Arrange documents in an orderly manner on the table,
away from the dispensing area.
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The dispensary
• Clean after each use tablet counters and place within
easy reach on the table.
• Avoid dispensing wrong drugs by arranging drugs on
the table in alphabetical order so that the drug being
dispensed is not confused with another.
• Always close drug containers from which drugs are
not being dispensed to prevent spillage or dispensing
the wrong drug.
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Classification of Drugs
• Allopathic Drugs: The term "Allopathy" refers to the
principle of curing a disease by administering
substances that produce the opposite effect of the
disease when given to a healthy human.
• Allopathic drugs can be further classified as:
A) Non Prescription Drugs: Non Prescription Drugs
are the drugs, which can be purchased from a
pharmacy without the prescription of a doctor.
• Non prescription drugs are also called as Over-thecounter drugs (OTC drugs).
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Classification of Drugs
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8.
Anti-Hemorrhoid Drugs
Topical Antibiotics
Cough-Suppressants
Anti-acne Drugs
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Antiseptics
Analgesics
Salicylates
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Classification of Drugs
9. Vasodilator
10. Antacids
11. Expectorants
12. Anti-fungal Drugs
13. Anti-Histamines
14. Antigas Agents
15. Smoking Cessation Drugs
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1. Anti-Hemorrhoid Drugs
• Anti-Haemorrhoid Drugs are medicines that
reduce the swelling and relieve the discomfort
of haemorrhoids.
• Antihemorrhoid drugs are available as creams,
ointments and suppositories.
• Most can be bought without a physician's
prescription
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2. Topical Antibiotics
• Topical Antibiotics are medicines applied to the skin to
kill bacteria.
• Topical Antibiotics helps in preventing infections caused
by bacteria that get into minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.
• Treating minor wounds with Antibiotics allows quicker
healing.
• If the wounds are left untreated, the bacteria will multiply,
causing pain, redness, swelling, itching, and oozing.
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3. Cough-Suppressants
• Cough Suppressants are medicines that prevent or stop
coughing.
• Cough Suppressants act on the center in the brain that
controls the cough reflex.
• They are meant to be used only to relieve dry, hacking
coughs associated with colds and flu.
• They should not be used to treat coughs that bring up
mucus or the chronic coughs associated with smoking,
Asthma, Emphysema or other lung problems.
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4. Anti-acne Drugs
• Anti-acne drugs are medicines that help clear up
pimples, black heads, white heads, and more severe
forms of acne.
• Different types of anti-acne drugs are used for different
purposes.
• For example, lotions, soaps, gels, and creams
containing benzoyl peroxide or tretinoin may be used to
clear up mild to moderately severe acne.
• Isotretinoin is prescribed only for very severe,
disfiguring acne.
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5. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
• Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs are medicines
that relieve pain, swelling, stiffness, and inflammation.
• Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are
prescribed for a variety of painful conditions, including
Arthritis, Bursitis, Tendinitis, Gout, sprains, strains, and
other injuries.
• Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs relieve pain,
stiffness, swelling, and inflammation, but they do not
cure the diseases or injuries responsible for these
problems.
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6. Antiseptics
• Antiseptics are medicines that slow or stop the
growth of germs and help prevent infections in minor
cuts, scrapes, and burns.
• Antiseptics are applied to the skin to keep bacteria
from getting into wounds and causing infection.
• Although Antiseptics do not usually kill bacteria, they
do weaken them and slow their growth.
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6. Antiseptics
• Simply applying an Antiseptic to a wound is not
adequate treatment.
• The wound should be cleaned first and in most cases
it should be covered with a bandage or other type of
dressing to keep it clean and moist while it heals.
• However, some Antiseptics, such as Phenol, can
damage the skin if the wound is covered after they are
applied.
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7. Analgesics
• Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain.
• Analgesics are prescribed to relieve pain of all sorts headaches, backaches, joint pain, sore muscles and
pain that results from surgery, injury or illness.
• Among the most common Analgesics are Aspirin,
Choline Salicylate, Magnesium Salicylate and
Sodium Salicylate.
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7. Analgesics
• Ibuprofen, Naproxen Sodium and Ketoprofen are all
in the general category known as Non-Steroidal AntiInflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).
• NSAIDs relieve pain and also reduce inflammation.
• Another common analgesic, Acetaminophen provides
pain relief but does not reduce inflammation.
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8. Salicylates
• Salicylates are medicines that relieve pain and reduce
fever.
• Aspirin belongs to group include Sodium Salicylate,
Choline Salicylate, and Magnesium Salicylate.
• Aspirin is used to relieve many kinds of minor aches and
pains-headaches, toothaches, muscle pain, menstrual
cramps, the joint pain from arthritis, and aches associated
with colds and flu.
• Aspirin is also known as acetylsalicylic acid.
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9. Vasodilator
• Vasodilators are medicines that act directly on
muscles in blood vessel walls to make blood vessels
widen (dilate).
• Vasodilators are used to treat high blood pressure
(hypertension).
• By widening the arteries, these drugs allow blood to
flow through more easily, reducing blood pressure.
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10. Antacids
• Antacids are medicines that neutralize stomach acid.
• Antacids are used to relieve acid indigestion, upset
stomach, sour stomach, and heartburn.
• Some antacid products also contain the ingredient
Simethicone to relieve gas.
• Antacids are taken by mouth and work by
neutralizing excess stomach acid.
• Antacids contain ingredients such as Aluminum
Hydroxide, Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium
Hydroxide, and Sodium Bicarbonate, alone or in
various combinations.
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11. Expectorants
• Expectorants are drugs that loosen and clear mucus
and phlegm from the respiratory tract.
• Guaifenesin is an ingredient in many cough
medicines, such as anti--Tuss, Dristan Cold & Cough,
Guaifed, GuaiCough, and some Robitussin products.
• Some products that contain guaifenesin are available
only with a physician's prescription; others can be
bought without a prescription.
• They come in several forms, including capsules,
tablets, and liquids.
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12. Anti-fungal Drugs
• Fungi cause fungal infections.
• These fungi surround us and frequently land on our
skin and are inhaled into our lungs.
• Many fungi are harmless, some cause minor and
irritating infections while a few can cause much more
severe infections.
• People with compromised immune systems, such as
AIDS and cancer patients, may be more susceptible to
fungal infections than others.
• Anti-fungal drugs are used to treat fungal infections.
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13. Anti-Histamines
• Antihistamines are drugs that block the action of
histamine (a compound released in allergic inflammatory
reactions) at the H1 receptor sites, responsible for
immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as sneezing and
itching.
• By inhibiting the activity of histamine, they can reduce
capillary fragility, which produces the erythema, or
redness, associated with allergic reactions.
• They will also reduce histamine-induced secretions,
including
excessive
tears
and
salivation.
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14. Antigas Agents
• Antigas Agents are medicines that relieve the
uncomfortable symptoms of too much gas in the
stomach and intestines.
• Antigas agents help relieve the symptoms by
preventing the formation of gas pockets and breaking
up gas that already is trapped in the stomach and
intestines.
• Antigas agents are sold as capsules, liquids, and
tablets (regular and chewable) and can be bought
without a physician's
prescription.
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15. Smoking Cessation Drugs
• Smoking-cessation Drugs are medicines that help
people stop smoking cigarettes or using other forms
of tobacco.
• People who smoke cigarettes or use other forms of
tobacco often have a difficult time when they try to
stop.
• Most Smoking-Cessation products contain nicotine,
but the Nicotine is delivered in small, steady doses
spread out over many hours.
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15. Smoking Cessation Drugs
• Smoking Cessation Drugs that contain Nicotine are
also called Nicotine Substitution products or Nicotine
Replacement therapy.
• Smoking Cessation Drugs come in four formschewing gum, skin patch, nasal spray, and inhaler.
• Another type of Smoking Cessation drug, Bupropion
(Zyban) also reduces craving and withdrawal
symptoms, but it contains no Nicotine.
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Calendar of Drugs
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THANK YOU
E-mail: [email protected]
Cell No,: 0091-9742431000
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