Transcript Jails

CHAPTER
13
Types of correctional institutions
Compare and contrast prisons and jails
Public and Private Prisons
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Midterm Essays
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
There are 3 essays—you must complete ALL 3.
Each essay should be 2-3 pages (double spaced)
in length.
You need to use at least 3 references and APA
style.
Use your own words with supportive
paraphrases and/or quotations.
The midterm essays are worth 100 points.
Please include all three essays in ONE Word
document.
Make sure that you attach your essay when you
make your submission in the dropbox.
DUE DATE: End of Unit 5
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Midterm Essays Grading Rubric
Organization
Content
each
Writing Style
Format
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
15 points
60 points (20
essay)
15 points
10 points
100 Total
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
What are the differences
between jails and prisons?
Highlight and describe the major
characteristics and purposes of a
jail and prison.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
5
Prisons
 A prison is a state or federal
confinement facility that has
custodial authority over adults
sentenced to confinement.
 The use of prisons as a place to
serve punishment is a relatively
new way to handle offenders.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
6
The Emergence of Prisons
 It is unknown when the first prison
was established.
 Punitive imprisonment noted in
Europe in the Middle Ages.
 American prisons began in the late
1700s.
 Early confinement facilities stressed
reformation over punishment.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
7
Which factors help contribute to
the swelling prison populations?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
8
The “modern” American correctional
system had its origin in what state?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
9
Roughly half of inmates are serving
time for which type of crime?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
10
Roughly how many prison staff
members are killed each year in our
prisons?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
11
What state in modern times
reestablished chain gangs?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
12
What is the most important security
tool in a prison setting?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
13
In determining an inmate custody
level, what factors are considered by
the classification/reception staff?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
14
What is the just deserts model of
corrections? Explain the pros and cons of this
model. How has it led to an increased use of
imprisonment and to prison overcrowding?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
15
The “Just Deserts” Era
1995--present
 Based on the justice model.
 Emphasis on individual responsibility and
punishment.
 Imprisonment is a proper consequence of
criminal and irresponsible behavior.
 Chain gangs, “three-strikes,” and reduced
parole.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
16
Prisons Today: Numbers and
Types of Prisons
Approximately
 1,325 state prisons
 84 federal prisons
 482 state and federal prisoners
per 100,000 population
On January 1, 2004, state and federal prisons held
1,461,191 inmates. Slightly more than 6.9% of
those imprisoned were women.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
17
Prisons Today: Sentences
In state prisons:
 49% are violent criminals
 19% are property criminals
 20% drug law violators
In federal prisons:
 61% are drug law violators
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
18
Prisons Today: Race
 The rate of imprisonment for African
American males is nine times that of
white males.
 Bureau of Justice Statistics states that a
black male in America has a 32.3%
lifetime chance of going to prison;
white males have a 5.9% chance.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
19
Prisons Today
 The size of prisons vary.
 The typical state prison is small.
 It costs about $62 a day per inmate.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
20
Prisons Today: Typical System
The typical state prison system has:
 1 high security
 1 or more medium security
 1 for adult women
 1 or 2 for young adults
 1 or two specialized mental hospitaltype security prisons
 1 or more open-type institutions
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
21
Overcrowded Prisons
Overcrowding is a serious issue.
 Prison capacity—The size of the
correctional population an institution can
effectively hold. There are three types of
prison capacity:
 Rated
 Operational
 Design
 Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)—Overcrowding
is not by itself cruel and unusual
punishment.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
22
Identify the three main levels of prison
security? Is there another level?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
23
Sing Sing, Joliet and the” The Rock”
are examples of what types of
prison?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
24
Security Levels in State
Prison Systems
There are three security levels:
1.
2.
3.
Maximum
Medium
Minimum
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
25
Maximum Security
Most maximum security institutions tend to be
massive old buildings with a large inmate
population, including all death row inmates.
They provide a high level of security with:
High fences/walls of concrete
 Several barriers between living area
 Secure cells
 Armed guards
 Gun towers

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
26
Medium Security
Medium security prisons are similar in design
to maximum security facilities; however, they:
 Usually have more windows.
 Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of
large stone walls.
 Sometimes use dormitory style housing.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
27
Medium Security
Medium security prisons allow prisoners more
freedom, such as:
Associating with other prisoners
 Going to the prison yard or exercise room
 Visiting the library
 Showering and using bathroom facilities with less
supervision

An important security tool is the count.
The process of counting inmates during the course
of a day.
 Times are random, and all business stops until the count
is verified.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
28
Minimum Security
In minimum security prisons:
Housing tends to be dormitory style.
 Prisoners usually have freedom of movement
within the facility.
 Work is done under general supervision only.
 Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist.
 Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes
unlocked.
 “Counts” are usually not taken.
 Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own
clothes.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
29
Prison Classification
System
Classification systems determine which custody level
to assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on:
Offense history
 Assessed dangerousness
 Perceived risk of escape
 Other factors

Inmates may move among the security levels
depending on their behavior.
Internal classification systems determine placement
and program assignment within an institution.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
30
The Flow of
Activities in
Prison
Classification
Systems
Source: Adapted from Patricia L.
Handyman et al. Internal Prison
Classification Systems Case Studies in
Their Development and Implementation
(Washington, D.C.: National Institute of
Corrections, 2002) p. 3
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
31
Today’s Federal Prison System
Today’s federal prison system consists of:





104 institutions
6 regional offices
The Central office (headquarters)
2 staff training centers
28 community corrections offices
At the start of 2004, there were approximately
162,000 prisoners (up from just over 24,000 in
1980).
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
32
Federal Prison System
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
classifies its institutions according to five
security levels.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Administrative maximum (ADMAX)
High security (U.S. penitentiaries)
Medium security (federal correctional institutions)
Low security (federal correctional institutions)
Minimum security (federal prison camps)
Additionally, there are administrative facilities,
like metropolitan detention centers (MDCs) and
medical centers for federal prisoners (MDFPs).
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
33
Administrative Maximum
(ADMAX)
In 1995, the federal government opened
its one and only ADMAX prison:
 Ultra-high security
 575 bed capacity
 Inmates confined to cells 23 hours per day
 Inmates cannot associate with one another
 Only toughest 1% of federal prison
population is confined there
 Holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists
murderers, escape artists, etc.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
34
High Security—U.S.
Penitentiaries
There are 8 high security facilities, holding
10% of the federal prison population.
Examples:
Atlanta, GA
Lewisburg, PA
Terre Haute, IN
Leavenworth, KS
They are designed to prevent escapes and
contain disturbances by using:
 Intense electronic surveillance
 Armed perimeter patrols.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
35
Improvements
Improvements to our nations prisons can be
found in:
 Accreditation by the American
Correctional Association’s (ACA)
 Training though the National Academy of
Corrections
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
36
Jails
37
Jails
 Original purpose—Short-term
confinement of suspects following
arrest and awaiting trial.
 Current use—Jails hold those
convicted of misdemeanors and
some felonies, as well as holding
suspects following arrest and
awaiting trial.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
38
Jails
Annually, 20 million people go to jail. In
2004, jails held 691,301 inmates.
12% women
6,869 juveniles
25% awaiting arraignment or trial
More than 50% convicted offenders
Jails also hold inmates who cannot fit in the
overcrowded prisons.
Jail authorities supervised another 71,371
inmates under certain community-based
programs.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
39
Jails
There are 3,365 jails in the U.S.
 Most jails are small, designed to hold 50 or
fewer inmates.
 Some jails are very big, like “mega-jails” in
LA and NYC.
 6% of all jails hold over 50% of all prisoners.
There are 207,600 correctional officers.
 3/1 inmate/staff ratio
The average cost to jail a person for a
year is $14,500.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
40
Current Issues
Facing Jails
41
Women and Jail
Women face a number of special
problems, including:
Inadequate classification systems
 Lack of separate housing
 Low educational levels
 Substance abuse
 Pregnancy
 Motherhood
 Inadequate substantive medical programs

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
42
Growth of Jails
Many jails are old and overcrowded.
By the end of 1980s, many jails were so
overcrowded that court-ordered
caps forced some early releases.
At midyear 2004, occupancy was at:
94% rated capacity for jails serving more than
1000 inmates.
 64% rated capacity in those with fewer than 50
inmates.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
43
Direct Supervision Jails
A new jail architecture and
management strategy is called direct
supervision. These jails:
Use a system of pods or modular self-contained
housing areas
 Have a more open environment, using Plexiglas
instead of thick walls to separate areas
 Use softer furniture
 May use “rooms” instead of cells

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
44
Benefits of Direct
Supervision Jails
Direct supervision jails
Reduce inmate dissatisfaction
 Deter rape and violence
 Decrease suicide and escape attempts
 Eliminate barriers to staff-inmate interaction
 Give staff greater control
 Improve staff morale
 Reduce lawsuits

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
45
Future of Jails
National efforts are underway to
improve quality of jail life by:
Adding critical programs for inmates
 Increasing jail industries
 Jail “boot camps”
 Creating regional jails
 Implementing jail standards

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
46
What are the three types of
privatization within prisons and
correctional institutions in the
U.S.?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
47
There are three types of privatization
within prisons and correctional
institutions in the US. The first
involves contracting out food service,
medical services, job training, alcohol
and drug rehabilitation, and the like.
The second involves publicly owned
prisons, which contract out the
management to a private firm. The
final type of privatization involves
fully privatized prisons—both owned
and operated by a private firm—which
contracts with governments for the
care of prisoners.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
48
Privatization
The movement toward greater use of
private prisons began in the 1980s.
In 2004, private prisons held 5.7% of all state
and 12.6% of all federal prisoners.
 Most states that use private prisons do so to
supplement their own system.

Private prisons can:
Reduce overcrowding
 Lower operating expenses
 Avoid lawsuits

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
49
Hurdles to Large-Scale
Privatization
Large scale privatization is hindered
by:
Laws prohibiting private sector involvement in
correctional management
 Possibility of public employees striking
 Liability and other legal issues

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
50
NIJ Recommendations
The National Institute of Justice
(NIJ) recommends that those states
that privatize corrections:
Regularly survey former inmates about
conditions
 Annually visit and inspect facilities
 Station state monitors inside large facilities
 Review all services before renewing contracts

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
51
Types Of Offenders
*Local
Awaiting trial/court date
Non-convicted
Intoxicated
Short term convicted
*State
Those convicted of non federal crimes
Drug offenders
Sex offenders
Murderers
*Federal
Those convicted of federal crimes
Mail fraud
Extortionists
Bank robbers
Some drug offenders
Hardest to control from statesPRENTICE HALL
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
52
•Lacking
•Depend on
volunteers
•Lack space,
money, staff
•Larger jails more
programs
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
•Varies from state
to state
Programming
•Basics
education,
vocational
P
•More adequately
funded
•Good variety of
inmate programs
•Drug
•Education/GED
•Employment
•Life skills
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
53
Staff Training
•Poor training
•Worst paid
•Getting better
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E
By Frank Schmalleger
•Starting to
emphasize
preservice/
inservice
•Better trained
staff
•More money
for training
PRENTICE HALL
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
54