Clear, Cole & Reisig: Chpt. 10
Download
Report
Transcript Clear, Cole & Reisig: Chpt. 10
Chapter 10
Incarceration
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Prison Operations:
budget & programs
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“classification”
definition
process
by which prisoner is categorized
regarding security & treatment needs & is
assigned to custody level (ie, prison),
supervision level (within prison), &
treatment programs
Ideally, based on psychology, education,
vocational, health, other needs
classification determines:
prison site
housing assignment
work assignment
availability of treatment programs
good time available (eg, Colorado)
today:
classification = f (RISK)!
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
3 models of incarceration
custodial
emphasizes security, discipline, order
dominates maximum security prisons
rehabilitation
emphasizes provision of treatment programs
designed to reform the offender
developed in 1950s; out of favor today
reintegration
emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties
to family & community as a method of reform,
recognizing that the offender will be returning
to community
linked to community corrections
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
main designs of US prisons
radial
courtyard
telephone pole
campus
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Prison security levels:
a caveat
there
are no national design or
classification “standards” regarding
different levels of security.
a “maximum” security prison in one state may
appear much like a “medium” security prison
in another.
prison crowding has further blurred the
distinction between maximum & medium
security prisons, even within a state.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“maximum
security”
definition
prison
designed, organized, &
operated to minimize the
possibility of escapes & violence;
imposes strict limitations on the
movement & freedom of inmates
& visitors
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“maximum security” prison
Cal. State Prison, Sacramento--“new Folsom”
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“medium
security”
definition
prison
designed, organized, &
operated to prevent escapes &
violence, but in which restrictions
on inmates & visitors are less
rigid than in maximum security
facilities
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“medium security” prison
California State Prison, Solano
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“minimum
security”
definition
prison
designed, organized, &
operated to permit inmates &
visitors as much freedom as is
consistent with the concept of
incarceration
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“minimum security” prison
California Institution for Men, Chino
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
the “super-max”
created
to house the “worst of the worst”-incorrigible, violent, assaultive, disruptive
inmates, & prison gang members-- who
require close & constant supervision
house 100,000 men (8 -10% of total in custody)
created by federal government; 38 states
Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX)
Florence, Colorado
Pelican Bay State Prison (SHU)
Northern Correctional Institute -Connecticut
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Pelican Bay State Prison
Crescent City, Ca (“super-max”)
Security Housing Unit
level IV prison
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Prison Profiles
a look at the joints
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
types of American prisons,
by state v. federal jurisdiction
94%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
6%
10%
0%
state operated prisons
federally operated prisons
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
where inmates are housed,
percent of all U.S. inmates
by security level
47%
50%
45%
40%
35%
35%
30%
25%
18%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
maximum security
medium security
minimum security
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
where inmates are housed,
by security level in state & federal prisons
percent of all U.S. inmates
80%
minimum
73%
medium
70%
maximum
60%
50%
40%
47%
35%
30%
18%
20%
20%
7%
10%
0%
State
Federal
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
types of American prisons,
by gender of inmate population
100%
90%
80%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
10%
male institutions
female institutions
10%
both
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Prisoner Profiles:
who’s doing time?
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
inmate gender
100%
93%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
7%
20%
10%
0%
male
female
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
age
38%
40%
35%
29%
30%
25%
19%
20%
15%
10%
10%
5%
2%
1%
1%
0%
<18
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
>64
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
education
50%
46%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
19%
22%
20%
12%
15%
10%
5%
0%
8th grade or some high
less
school
high school some college
grad.
or more
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
offense
50%
48%
45%
40%
35%
30%
21%
25%
21%
20%
15%
10%
10%
5%
0%
violent
property
drug
public order
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
criminal record
60%
60%
45%
50%
40%
30%
20%
20%
10%
0%
two or more
three or more
six or more
# times previously incarcerated or on probation
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“race”
definition
traditionally,
a biological concept
used to distinguish humankind
into categories related to skin
color & other physical features
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“ethnicity”
definition
concept
used to distinguish people
according to their cultural
characteristics--language, religion,
& group traditions
ethnicity
can be used to further
distinguish not only among white
individuals, but among African
Americans, as well.
it can also be used to even further
subdivide Hispanics.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Race/Ethnicity of US inmates
Other
3%
AfricanAmerican
46%
White
33%
Hispanic
18%
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
incarceration rates for males
racial/ethnic groups
number of men incarcerated
per 100,000 of each group
4,000
3,457
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,220
1,500
1,000
449
500
0
African-American
Hispanic
White
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
% of black men in prison
vs. % in U.S. population
46%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
12%
15%
10%
5%
0%
% of general population % of prison population
that is Black
that is Black
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Drug sentences:
The New Demon
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state & federal populations,
by drug offense or not
other
79%
other
40%
drugs
60%
drugs
21%
state prisons
federal prisons
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
federal prison populations,
by type of offense, over time (1985 -’97)
Public Violent
order 13%
Property
18%
Public
Order
10%
9%
Violent
31%
Drug
38%
Property
21%
1985
pop. = 31,000
Drug
60%
1997
pop. = 150,000
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state prison populations,
by type of offense, over time (1985 -’97)
Drug
9%
Public
order
10%
Public
Order
5%
Property
31%
Violent
55%
Drug
21%
Violent
48%
Property
21%
pop. = 450,000
1985
pop. = 1,600,000
1997
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
new prison populations with
special problems or needs
“new” populations
prisoners
with
HIV/AIDS
mentally ill
prisoners
elderly
prisoners
prisoners
with long
terms
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Evolution of Private prisons:
“own a piece of the rock-pile”
Marion Adjustment Center
1st privately owned & operated
facility for adult felons, 1986
•Kentucky
•US Corrections Corp.
Intensive Treatment Unit
Weaversville, Pennsylvania
--1st privately operated secure
correctional facility, 1975
•20-bed, high security
•dormitory-style
•training school
•juvenile delinquents
•RCA Corporation
today:
$1 billion
annual
operation!
non-profit
organizations
1960s
•halfway houses
•group homes
•juvenile care
•work release
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
private prisons
the key players
Corrections
Corporation
of America
3/4 of
the
market
Wackenhut
Corrections
Corporation
the business of private prisons:
$
$
$
$
launched in 1980s, spurred by massive state prison boom
$1 billion yearly operation in U.S.
158 private prisons in U.S.
119,813 adults incarcerated in private prisons in U.S.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
models for public/private control of
corrections
ownership
Public
operating
authority
Private
Public
Private
Conventional
public facility
(fully publi c)
Lease or leasepurchase
arrangements
Contracted
management
& operations
Fully private
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
issues for private corrections
costs &
profitability
issues
liability &
accountability
ethics &
politics
level of
services
offender
types
employment,
training, &
salaries
compliance
with state law
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
End of
Show
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“radial design”
Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“telephone pole design”
Correctional Training Facility, Soledad, Ca.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“courtyard design” (modified) California
Men’s Colony, San Luis Obispo
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“campus design”
California Institutiona for Women, Frontera
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th