Transcript February 6, 2007 - Carleton University

SOCI3055A
STUDIES IN ADDICTIONS
February 6, 2007
INTERVENTIONS
Strategies and Methods in Addictions
Research
Overview
Readings:
 Rhodes, T. (2005). “The Multiple Roles of Qualitative
Research in Understanding and Responding to Illicit Drug
Use” in Cocktails & Dreams. Perspectives on Drug and
Alcohol Use. New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall. pp. 2942.
 Lyman, D., R. Milich, R. Zimmerman, S. Novak, T. Logan,
C. Martin, C. Leukefeld, R. Clayton (1999). “Project DARE:
No Effects at 10-Year Follow-Up”. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology.67(4). pp. 590-593.
 Boyd, S., K. Faith (1999). “Women, Illegal Drugs and
Prison: Views From Canada”. International Journal of Drug
Policy. 10(3). pp. 195-207.
Class outline
Project – groups, topics & presentation dates
Follow-up from Carolyn Franklin’s presentation
Sensitivities in addictions research – Exercise
Flo Kellner, Professor Emeritus, Carleton
University. Addictions, Experiences and Lessons
Learned.
5. Group project working rules
6. Research methods in addictions – Forward to the
basics
7. EXERCISE – Answer & submit…
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1. Projects - groups, topics &
presentation dates
MARCH 13
• Smoking (illicit drugs, tobacco)
• Alcohol
• Food
• Pornography
MARCH 20
5. Caffeine
6. Safe injection facilities
7. Gambling
8. Mental health & substance abuse
MARCH 27
9. Sex workers & drug use
10. Steroids & athletes
11. Plastic surgery
2. Follow-up from Carolyn
Franklin’s presentation…
 The federal and provincial tax revenue from alcohol
in 2004 was $7.6 BILLION!! The provinces
received approximately $4.2 B and the feds
received $3.4B.
 It’s an interesting tax since it is not set annually
such as income and other government taxes. The
alcohol tax is a “discretionary” tax since a
government can raise the taxes at any time during
the year if they foresee a cash crunch, want to fund
special projects, etc.
NGOs that have endorsed the
National Framework to date:
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Addictions Foundation of Manitoba
Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission
Atlantic Association of Addiction Executives
Association des intervenants en toxicomanie du Québec inc.
(AITQ)
Bosco Homes - A Society for Children and Adolescents
Canadian Aids Society
Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, Drug Abuse
Committee
Canadian Association of Liquor Jurisdictions
Canadian Association of Principals
Canadian Association for School Health
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Canadian Executive Council on Addictions
Canadian Harm Reduction Network
Canadian Mental Health Association
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
Canadian Public Health Association
Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine
Canadian Teachers’ Federation
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Centre for Addictions Research of B.C.
Centre québécois de lutte aux dependences
Federation of Canadian Municipalities
Fédération québécois des Centres de Readaptation pour
personnes alcooliques et autres toxicomanes
 Five Hills Regional Health Authority
 Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction
(INMHA)
 MADD Canada
 Northern British Columbia Council on Substance Abuse
 Ontario Pharmacists Association
 Ontario Public Health Association
 Regina and Area Drug Strategy
 Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region
 Salvation Army in Canada
 Toronto Board of Health
 Western Regional Integrated Health Authority Cornerbrook
Newfoundland
3. Sensitivities in addictions
research - EXERCISE
In groups of 2, you have a total of 3 MINUTES to
list as many sensitivities as you can think of that
should be considered when doing research in the
addictions field (you can draw upon your readings
for this week).
4. Flo Kellner
5. Group work = Team work
6. Research methods in addictions
 Forward to the basics
RESEARCH =
UNDERSTANDING
4 Questions
 What is research?
 What is a Western academic approach to research?
 What is community-based research?
 What is Aboriginal research?
 Research example
(A) What is research?
What topics can be researched?
Report on the Forum on Alcohol and Illicit Drugs Research
in Canada, November 2003
http://www.ccsa.ca/index.asp?page=131
Why do research?
How do you do research?
Research is…
Activity intended to investigate, document, bring to
light, analyse, or interpret matters in any domain, to
create knowledge for the benefit of society or of
particular groups.
(M. Castellano, Journal of Aboriginal Health, January 2004:
99)
Knowledge
What is known, or thought to be known,
and changes over time.
(B) What is a Western academic
approach to research?
THEORY
INDUCTION
EMPRICAL
GENERALIZATIONS
DEDUCTION
Researcher’s
Knowledge
Production
HYPOTHESES
MEASUREMENT
OPERATIONALIZATION
OBSERVATION
Human inquiry vs. Science
HUMAN INQUIRY
To question and predict.
SCIENCE
To produce knowledge, to understand and
explain some aspect of the world around us.
Science
An objective, accurate, systematic analysis
of empirical data in order to discover
recurring relations and advance human
knowledge.
Scientific solutions to human
inquiry
• Scientific observation is a conscious activity.
• Science commits in advance to large samples
and replication.
• Science makes an effort to look for deviant
cases to the norm.
• Logical reasoning is a conscious activity.
• Recognized role of theory.
(C ) What is community-based
research?
“CBR [community-based research] is a
collaborative approach to research that equitably
involves all partners in the research process and
recognizes the unique strengths that each brings.
CBR begins with a research topic of importance to
the community with the aim of combining
knowledge and action to improve community health
and eliminate health disparities”.
(Kellogg Community Health Scholars Program)
How CBR differs from a Western
scientific approach to research
INPUT
Research is driven by community needs.
PROCESS
Community plays a role in gathering, analyzing and
disseminating information.
OUTCOME
Research is intended to be used by the community to
enhance health and build on community assets.
(Paez-Victor, 2002)
CBPR Principles
• Communities are involved in the initiation of
research ideas and partnerships.
• Equitable partnerships are created between research
partners, where each contributes essential skill sets.
• Communities can be involved in collection,
interpretation and dissemination of data.
• Enhances the capacities and skills of all partners.
• Communities should benefit from the research
being conducted.
(The Wellesley Institute, 2006)
(D ) What is Aboriginal research?
 OCAP principles
B. Schnarch (2004). “Ownership, Control, Access and
Possession (OCAP) or Self-Determination Applied to
Research. A Critical Analysis of Contemporary First Nations
Research and Some Options for First Nations
Communities”. Journal of Aboriginal Health. Vol.1, No.1.
http://www.naho.ca/english/pdf/journal_p80-95.pdf
 Aboriginal methods
 Aboriginal research ethics
M. Castellano (2004). “Ethics of Aboriginal Research”.
Journal of Aboriginal Health. Vol.1, No.1.
http://www.naho.ca/english/pdf/journal_p98-114.pdf
Aboriginal methodology
Aboriginal research ethics:
8 Principles for developing ethical codes for
research and partnership (Castellano, 2004)
Creating Knowledge – An Aboriginal Right
Fiduciary Obligations
Diversity of Aboriginal Cultures
Scope of Ethics Regimes
Harmonization of Ethical Protection and
Intellectual Property
6. Administrative Infrastructure
7. Costs of Implementing an Ethical Regime
8. Education for Ethical Practice
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(E) A research example
Aboriginal Women Drug Users in Conflict
with the Law:
A Study of the Role of Self-Identity in the
Healing Journey.
Learning from the Past – Prairie
Women, Violence & Self-Harm
Doing research BY, FOR & WITH
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Decision to conduct the research
Construction of interview guide
Resources available
Giving back
Challenges
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Opposing views
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Decisions of a strategic nature
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Research and its relation to knowledge translation
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Unanticipated happenings
Project objectives
• Examine the experiential paths of how Aboriginal women in
conflict with the law constitute and reconstitute their selfidentity prior to, during and following treatment
for illicit drug use (defined as the healing journey).
• The starting point of inquiry is an interpretation of women’s
drug use as a coping and survival technique from emotional
pain and distress rooted in abuse and violence.
• Also examine the influence of treatment program workers
on women’s constitution and reconstitution of their selfidentity and its relation to healing.
Research
• To improve the burden of ill health of adult
Aboriginal female illicit drug users in conflict with
the law.
• To generate new knowledge on the constitution
and reconstitution of self-identity and the
influence of associated role expectations and stigma
for this population in their healing journey.
• To generate new knowledge on the influence of
treatment program workers on women’s
constitution and reconstitution of their self-identity
and its relation to healing.
• to disseminate the research findings and implement
knowledge translation strategies with treatment
providers and the academic community.
• to provide a successful model of a communitybased research partnership that is rooted in
research being conducted by, for and with the
community.
• to facilitate mentoring opportunities among the
diversity of partners involved in the study.
“If you’ve come here to help me you’re
wasting your time. If you’ve come here
because your liberation is bound up in
mine, then let us work together”.
- Lilla Watson
Partnership
A cooperative relationship between people
or groups who agree to share responsibility
for achieving some specific goal.
Lessons Learned
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Defining community
Timing
Coordination
Flexibility
Developing relationships
Act on opportunities
Taking action
ANSWER & submit…
 Identify 3 key principles to an ethical
research project?
 How will you account for each in your group
presentations?