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

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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 5: States of
Consciousness
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Lecture Overview

Understanding Consciousness

Sleep and Dreams

Psychoactive Drugs

Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Understanding Consciousness

Consciousness
(an organism’s
awareness of its
own self and
surroundings)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Understanding Consciousness

Alternate States of
Consciousness
(ASCs): mental
states, other than
ordinary waking
consciousness,
found during sleep,
dreaming,
psychoactive drug
use, hypnosis, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Circadian Rhythms

Circadian Rhythms (biological changes
occurring on a 24-hour cycle)


Our energy level, mood, learning, and
alertness all vary throughout the day.
Sections of the hypothalamus called the
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal
gland regulate these changes.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Circadian Rhythms (Continued)

Disrupted circadian rhythms,
through shift work, jet lag, and
sleep deprivation may cause mood
alterations, reduced concentration
and motivation, increased
irritability, lapses in attention, and
reduced motor skills.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams

What happens
to humans and
other animals
while we sleep
and dream?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep

NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
 Stage 1(lightest sleep)
 Stage 2 (deeper sleep)
 Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep)

REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep:
 Light sleep--also called paradoxical
sleep
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep
(Continued)

NREM (non-REM) sleep
 Includes Stages 1 through 4
 Lower-frequency brain waves,
decreased pulse and breathing,and
occasional, simple dreams
 Serves a biological need (NREM needs
met before REM needs)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Stages of Sleep (Continued)

REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep
 Also called paradoxical sleep
 High-frequency brain waves, increased
pulse and breathing, paralysis of the
large muscles, and dreaming
 Serves a biological need and may help
with learning and consolidating new
memories
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Research

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
How
scientists
study sleep
(note the
EEG, EOG,
and EMG
measuring
devices)
Sleep and Dreams:
Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
NREM and REM Sleep in Cats

Can you
identify which
photo was
taken while
this cat was in
REM sleep?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily
Hours of Sleep for Different
Mammals
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Why Do We Sleep?

Repair/restoration theory:
sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities

Evolutionary/circadian theory:
sleep evolved to conserve energy and as
protection from predators

Cognitive theory:
dreams are an important part of information
processing of everyday experiences
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Why Do We Dream?
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
Psychoanalytic theory:
dreams are disguised symbols
(manifest versus latent content)
of repressed desires and anxieties
Biological theory:
(activation-synthesis hypothesis)
dreams are simple by-products of random
stimulation of brain cells
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams: Sleep Disorders
Two major categories:
1.
Dyssomnias
(problems in amount, timing,
and quality of sleep)
2.
Parasomnias
(abnormal disturbances during sleep)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Three Forms of Dyssomnias
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Insomnia: persistent
problems in falling
asleep, staying asleep,
or awakening too early
Sleep apnea: repeated interruption
of breathing during sleep
Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets
of sleep during normal waking hours
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Narcolepsy in Dogs
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sleep and Dreams:
Two Forms of Parasomnias

Nightmares:
anxiety-arousing dreams occurring
near the end of sleep, during REM sleep

Night terrors:
abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep
accompanied by intense physiological
arousal and feelings of panic
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs:
Important Terms
1. Psychoactive Drugs (chemicals that change
conscious awareness, mood, or perception)
2. Drug Abuse (drug taking that causes emotional
or physical harm to the individual or others)
3. Addiction (compulsion to use a specific drug or
engage in a certain activity)
4. Psychological Dependence (desire or craving
to achieve the effects produced by a drug)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs:
Important Terms (Continued)
5. Physical Dependence (bodily processes
have been so modified by repeated drug
use that continued use is required to
prevent withdrawal symptoms)
6. Withdrawal (discomfort and distress
experienced after stopping the use of
addictive drugs)
7. Tolerance (decreased sensitivity to a
drug brought about by its continuous use)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
1. Depressants:
act on the CNS to
suppress bodily
processes (e.g.,
alcohol, valium)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
(Continued)
 Depressants--Alcohol’s Effects
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
(Continued)
2. Stimulants:
act on the CNS to
increase bodily
processes (e.g.,
caffeine, nicotine,
cocaine)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
(Continued)
 A hidden danger of
stimulants. The
key ingredient in
methamphetamine
destroys the teeth
and gums of
chronic users.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
(Continued)
3. Opiates:
act as an
analgesic or pain
reliever (e.g.,
morphine, heroin)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories
(Continued)
4. Hallucinogens:
produce sensory
or perceptual
distortions called
hallucinations
(e.g., LSD,
marijuana)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work

Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of
neurotransmitters.

Step 2). Change the storage or release of
neurotransmitters.

Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters.

Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the
reuptake or break-down) of excess
neurotransmitters.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
How Psychoactive Drugs Work
(Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness

Meditation
(group of techniques
designed to refocus
attention, block out all
distractions, and
produce an ASC)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness

Hypnosis
(trancelike state
of heightened
suggestibility,
deep relaxation,
and intense focus)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness

Therapeutic uses
of hypnosis:
treatment of
chronic pain,
severe burns,
dentistry,
childbirth,
psychotherapy.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness
 Hypnosis: Myths and
Controversies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Forced hypnosis
Unethical behavior
Exceptional memory
Superhuman strength
Fakery
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 5: States of
Consciousness
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)