Pharmaceutical Aspects of IV Drugs
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Transcript Pharmaceutical Aspects of IV Drugs
Pharmaceutical Aspects of
IV Medicine Administration
February 2009
September 2009
1
Contents of Session
The 5 Rights of Medicines Administration
The 5 Components of Medicines
Administration
Practitioner Responsibilities
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The Five Rights of
Medicine Administration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Right patient
Right medicine
Right route
Right dose
Right time
……everytime!
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The Five Components of
Medicine Administration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Selection
Prescribing
Preparation
Administration
Monitoring
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Why IV?
Oral or other route of administration not
suitable or available
eg vomiting, diarrhoea, malabsorption, resting
gastro-intestinal tract, low muscle mass
Where rapid effect or high/predictable
concentrations essential
Medicine not effective via other routes eg
gentamicin, benzylpenicillin
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Advantages of IV
Medicine gets into the circulation quickly
Rapid effect achieved
Predictable concentrations achieved i.e. 100%
reaches systemic circulation
Some medicines cannot be given by another
route eg gentamicin
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Prescribing
Prescription is clear, unambiguous and legal
Medicine is essential and appropriate for
patient
The patient is not allergic to medicine
Dose, route and rate essential and appropriate
Medicine is compatible with flush and infusion
fluid
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Medicines Characteristics
Cytotoxics, TPN – outsourced or made in pharmacy
Diazepam – must only be administered with extreme
caution and competence
IV paracetamol reduced dose in patients weighing less
than 50Kgs (dose 15mg/Kg in 40kg patient = 600mg)
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Dose, Route and Rate
Is route suitable for medicine?
eg vincristine given intrathecally causing death,
cytotoxics given peripherally causing severe
extravasation and loss of limbs
Is route suitable for required rate?
Properties of the medicine? eg osmolarity, pH
What routes are available?
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Concentration, Diluent and Vehicle
Concentration
Check that the concentration of the drug is within
the recommended range for safety and efficacy
eg erythromycin must be between 1-5mg/ml
Diluent and Vehicle
Not always the same!
Check!
eg clarithromycin must be reconstituted with
water but diluted in sodium chloride 0.9%
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Compatibility and Stability
Instability – modification of the preparation due to
storage conditions resulting in unsuitable product
Incompatibility – two or more products mixed with
resulting preparation unsuitable for administration
Results: product becomes toxic, precipitates or
ineffective
Never add medicines to fluid unless compatibility
assured
Never mix medicines together unless compatibility
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assured
Compatibility and stability
• Heparin / Aminoglycosides
• Hydrocortisone / flucloxacillan
• Co-amoxiclav - stability when
reconstituted
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3. Preparation:
Factors Affecting Stability
Factor
Effect
Action
Light
rate of
degradation
Ensure appropriate TPN, Pabrinex®
storage
Temperature
rate of
degradation /
microbial growth
Ensure appropriate Aciclovir,
storage
insulin, TPN
pH
rate of
degradation
Add buffer
Amphotericin
Concentration Less stable at
changes in
concentration
Check volume
Amiodarone,
amphotericin
Adsorption
Avoid or minimise
contact
GTN, insulin
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Drug loss into
plastic/glass
Example
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Displacement Volumes and pH
Displacement volume
volume of fluid displaced by a powder when
reconstituted
Important when part-vials are used
Mainly only relevant to paediatrics
pH
Most medicines are stable at a specific pH
Rate of degradation often pH dependent
eg amphotericin requires glucose pH>4.2
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Labelling
All products must be labelled fully
Complete label before preparing injection
A record must be kept of all injections
prepared and administered (kardex, infusion
chart or both)
Bolus drugs …must be administered
immediately on preparation, do not prepare
in advance!
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Sources of Information
IV Drug Monographs/ Medusa website
BNF/BNFC
Product Information Leaflet
Medicines Information
Pharmacist
On-call Pharmacist
University College London Hospitals
Injectable Medicine Administration Guide
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Red Man Syndrome
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Rate of Administration
Most IV bolus injections over at least 3-5 minutes
Ensure device is capable of accurate delivery and desired
infusion rate
95% of IV bolus injections given too fast
Systemic damage
Furosemide ototoxicity
Phenytoin arrhythmias
Ranitidine bradycardia
Vancomycin red man
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Local damage
Pain
Extravasation
Phlebitis
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IV Error Potential
Article in BMJ 2003
- Errors identified in 49% of doses surveyed
- 8% wrong diluent/solvent
- 3% wrong dose prepared
- 3% of doses omitted
- 38% of bolus doses given too fast
- 3% incompatibility
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Professional Responsibility
Prescriber and Administrator
Prescription is clear, unambiguous and legal
Medicine is essential and appropriate
Dose, route and rate is essential and appropriate
Medicine is compatible with infusion fluid
Appropriate monitoring requirements are in place
eg ECG machine for potassium infusions
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Professional Responsibility
Nurse
Must have completed IV Medicines Training Package,
be certified competent and be aware of own limitations
Training must be recognised by NHSGGC
Must not administer a drug if doubtful about any aspect
of IV medicine prescription / calculation / preparation /
compatibility / administration / monitoring
Must ensure that appropriate and current information
sources used
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Professional Responsibility
Pharmacist
Specialist knowledge
Access to specialist information
Can advise and provide support on any aspect of IV
medicine use ie dose, calculations, method and rate of
administration, diluents, stability and incompatibilities
Can provide advice 24 hours a day via ward
pharmacist, medicines information or on-call
pharmacist
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Remember
If in doubt, don’t administer!
Most important consideration is the
PATIENT
They have to suffer the consequences
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