Transcript Drugs & Crime

Drugs & Crime
1. A drug is a natural or synthetic
substance designed to affect
the subject psychologically or
physiologically.
2. “Controlled substances” are
drugs that are restricted by law.
3. The Controlled Substances Act
is a law that was enacted in
1970; it lists illegal drugs, their
categories, and penalties for
possession, sale, or use.
Controlled Substance Act
1. Schedule I
• high potential for abuse
• no currently accepted
medical use in the U.S.
• lack of accepted safety for
use under medical
supervision
• Examples: heroin
(diacetylmorphine) LSD,
marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA)
2. Schedule II
• high potential for abuse
• a currently accepted
medical use with severe
restrictions
• Abuse may lead to severe
psychological or physical
dependence
• Examples: cocaine,
morphine, amphetamines
(including
methamphetamines), PCP,
Ritalin
3. Schedule III
• lower potential for abuse than
the drugs in I or II
• a currently accepted medical
use in the U.S.
• abuse may lead to moderate
physical dependence or high
psychological dependence
• Examples: intermediateacting barbiturates, anabolic
steroids, ketamine
4. Schedule IV
• low potential for abuse relative
to drugs in III
• a currently accepted medical
use in the U.S.
• abuse may lead to limited
physical or psychological
dependence relative to drugs
in III
• Examples: stimulants and
depressants including Valium,
Xanax, Librium, phenobarbital,
Darvon
5. Schedule V
• low potential for abuse relative
to drugs in IV
• currently accepted medical
use in the U.S.
• abuse may lead to limited
physical or psychological
dependence relative to drugs
in IV
• Examples: codeine found in
low doses in cough medicines
Illegal or Illicit?
1. An illegal drug is a drug that
is against the law to have,
use, or distribute.
2. An illicit drug is a legal drug
used in an inappropriate or
illegal way.
Summary Questions:
Read p,
14)
1) What are the 5 categories of controlled
15)
substances?
2) What are the differences among a controlled
16)
substance, an illicit drug, a prescriptive drug,
and an OTC drug?
17)
3) How are illicit drugs classified?
18)
4) How do hallucinogens affect the body?
19)
5) What is the most widespread hallucinogen?
20)
6) How does marijuana affect the body?
7) From what is marijuana derived from?
21)
8) From what is LSD derived from?
22)
9) How does LSD affect the body?
10) What is blotter acid?
11) How does PCP affect the user?
12) What was PCP originally manufactured and sold
as?
13) How does “Special K” affect the user? What is
Ketamine used for?
How do stimulants affect the body?
How many pounds of cocoa plants produce 1 lb
of cocaine?
What habit-forming non-controlled stimulant is
often found in cigarettes?
What is Qat? How is it used?
Which stimulant is found in “Mountain Dew”?
How do narcotics affect the user?
Name 6 OTC analgesics found at your local
CVS.
Which prescription narcotic is most often
abused?
What is the PDR? How is it used?
Human Components Used for Drug
Analysis
1. Blood
2. Urine
3. Hair
4. Gastric contents
5. Bile
6. Liver tissue
7. Brain tissue
8. Kidney tissue
9. Spleen tissue
10. Vitreous humor of the eye
Physicians Desk Reference
PDR—A Physicians’ Desk Reference
1. used to identify manufactured pills, tablets, and
capsules.
2. updated each year.
3. quick and easy identifier of the legally made drugs
that may be found at a scene.
4. gives a picture of the drug
5. states whether it is prescription, over-the-counter, or
a controlled substance
6. detailed information about the drug
Drug Identification
Screening or presumptive tests
1) Only tell that the drug is possibly present
2) Easier, cheaper, & quicker to use
3) Spot or color tests
4) Microcrystalline test - a reagent is added, producing a
crystalline precipitate that is unique for a certain drug
5) Chromatography
Confirmatory tests
1) Tell that the drug is positively present
2) Spectrophotometry
• Ultraviolet (UV)
• Visible
• Infrared (IR)
3) Mass spectrometry
Presumptive Color Tests
1. Marquis—turns purple in the
presence of most opium derivatives
and orange-brown with
amphetamines
2. Dille-Koppanyi—turns violet-blue in
the presence of barbiturates
3. Duquenois-Levine—turns a purple
color in the presence of marijuana
4. Van Urk—turns a blue-purple in the
presence of LSD
5. Scott test—color test for cocaine;
blue
Chromatography
1. A technique for separating
mixtures into their
components
2. Includes two phases—a
mobile one that flows past a
stationary one
3. The mixture interacts with the
stationary phase and
separates
Types of Chromatography
1. Paper
2. Thin-layer (TLC)
3. Gas (GC)
4. Pyrolysis gas (PGC)
5. Liquid (LC)
6. High-performance liquid
(HPLC)
7. Column
Paper Chromatography
1. Stationary phase—paper
2. Mobile phase—a liquid
solvent
3. Capillary action moves the
mobile phase through the
stationary phase.
Thin-layer Chromatography
1. Stationary phase—a thin layer
of coating (usually alumina or
silica) on a sheet of plastic or
glass
2. Mobile phase—a liquid solvent
Retention Factor (Rf )
1. This is a number that represents
how far a compound travels in a
particular solvent.
2. It is determined by measuring the
distance the compound traveled
and dividing it by the distance the
solvent traveled.
3. If the Rf value for an unknown
compound is close to or the
same as that for the known
compound, the two compounds
are likely similar or identical (a
match).
Gas Chromatography
1. Phases
• Stationary—a solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or
column
• Mobile—an inert gas like nitrogen or helium
2. Analysis
• Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the
substance present
• Uses retention time instead of Rf for the qualitative
analysis
Uses of Gas Chromatography
1. Not considered a confirmation
of a controlled substance
2. Used as a separation tool for
mass spectroscopy (MS) and
infrared spectroscopy (IR)
3. Used to quantitatively
measure the concentration of
a sample. (In a courtroom,
there is no real requirement to
know the concentration of a
substance. It does not affect
guilt or innocence.)
Summary Questions:
Read p.
1)What is a spot test?
2)What does a positive spot test indicate? Negative?
3)What is chromatography?
4)What are the types of chromatography?
5)What are the legal aspects of violent behavior associated with the ingestion of prescription drugs?
6)How can you test a person’s plasma to determine if they took aspirin?
7)What is metabolism?
8)How much Salicylate concentration would remain in a person’s plasma after 3 hours?
9)What is the presumptive test for marijuana?
10)What does a positive Duquenois-Levin test indicate?
11)What spot tests are used for the following: LSD? Amphetamines, cocaine, heroine, barbiturates?
12)What is EMIT?
13)As sample of light brown powder found in the kitchen of an alleged drug house gives a blue precipitate with
cobalt thiocyanate. What is it? Is there enough evidence to prosecute?
14)In the “incense” incident described on p. 189, about two pounds of the material was retrieved from the car.
What would be the maximum sentence if the driver were convicted as a first offense? (See Appendix B)
15)If, in the incident at the Detroit airport, the film canister contained 50 grams of cocaine and 10 more grams
were found in the man’s camera bag, what could be the sentence if he were convicted as a first offense? (See
Appendix C)
Confirmatory Tests: Spectroscopy
1. Spectroscopy—the interaction of electromagnetic
radiation with matter
2. Spectrophotometer—an instrument used to
measure and record the absorption spectrum of a
chemical substance
Spectrophotometry
1. Components
• A radiation source
• A frequency selector
• A sample holder
• A detector to convert
electromagnetic radiation into an
electrical signal
• A recorder to produce a record of
the signal
2. Types
• Ultraviolet
• Visible
• Infrared
Infrared Spectrometry
1. Material absorbs energy in the near-IR region of the
electromagnetic spectrum
2. Compares the IR light beam before and after it passes
through a transparent sample
3. Result—an absorption or transmittance spectrum
4. Gives a unique view of the substance; like a
fingerprint
Mass Spectrometry
1. Does not give a specific identification & cannot separate
mixtures.
2. In a mass spectrometer, an electron beam is directed at
sample molecules in a vacuum chamber. The electrons
break apart the sample molecules into many positivecharged fragments. These are sorted and collected
according to their mass-to-charge ratio by an oscillating
electric or magnetic field.
3. By combining the two (GC-MS), constituents of mixtures can
be specifically identified.
Mass Spectra
• Each moleculalr species has its own unique mass
spectrum.
Spectrophotometry & Mass
Spectrometry
1. Both work well in identifying
pure substances.
2. Mixtures are difficult to
identify in both techniques.
3. Both are compared to a
catalog of knowns.
People of Historical Significance
1. Arthur Jeffrey Dempster (1918), developed the first
modern mass spectrometer (100x more accurate).
2. Francis William Aston (1922) invention of the mass
spectrograph. This enabled him to identify no fewer
than 212 of the 287 naturally occurring elemental
isotopes.
Summary Questions:
Read p.
1)What are 2 analytical techniques most confirmatory test are based upon?
2)How is the IR Spectrum of each substance like a fingerprint?
3)What is the basic instrument now in use for taking IR Spectra? How much does it cost?
4)Draw a simple schematic of an infrared spectrophotometer?
5)How does a mass spectrometer work?
6)Why is mass spectrometry difficult to use with mixtures?
7)What are some substances that illicit drugs are often cut?
8)How much does a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer cost?
9)What is the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)?
10)Which end of the EMS is the high energy part?
11)How is the EMS used in analytical analyses?
12)What is the difference between absorbance and transmittance in spectroscopy? What is their relationship to analyte
concentration?
13)You have tested a sample of white powder with cobalt thiocyanate reagent and obtained a blue precipitate. You
think you have __________________, but you ask the spectroscopy lab for a confirmation. They provide the spectrum
below. What is your sample? (Compare with Appendix D)
14)You get a violet-blue color with Marquis reagent on a sample submitted to your lab. You ask the mass spectroscopy
lab to check it for you, and they submit the following mass spectra. What is your sample? (Compare with Appendix E)
15)Infrared spectra of butanol (butyl alcohol) and butanal (butyraldehyde) are given below. Which do you think is the
aldehyde? Why?