Transcript Writing Science

Lawrence Souder, Ph.D.
Culture and Communication
College of Arts and Sciences
Resources
Practice
Funding
Publication
Invitation
Scientists are writers.
IMRAD Report
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Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Effect of ale, garlic, and soured cream
on the appetite of leeches
Anders Baerheim, senior lecturer
Hogne Sandvik, research fellow
Division for General Practice, University of Bergen, Ulriksdal
8C, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
British Medical Journal, 1994; 309:1689
IMRAD Report
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Introduction: Our question is significant.
Methods: Our method is appropriate.
Results: Our findings are valid.
Discussion: Our conclusions are important.
Introduction
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State significance of the phenomenon
Summarize research to date
Point out gap in research
Describe new proposed research
Preview the report
Introduction
… present use in microsurgery.
… the leeches refuse to cooperate properly.
… doctors in the 19th century used to immerse leeches in…
…encourage the leeches' feeding behavior
…designed a study to evaluate the effect of these remedies.
Method
• Justify choice in materials and methods
• Provide enough detail for replication
Method
Six leeches were dipped briefly in one of two different types of beer…
…placed on the forearm of one of us …
…measured the time from when the leech touched the skin until HS felt it
bite.
Six other leeches were then placed on the same author's forearms …
…smeared with soured cream…
…smeared with garlic…
…because of adverse effects only two leeches were exposed to garlic
We analysed the median time from application to biting…
Results
• Summarize, reduce, and compare data
• Generalize from data
Results
Leeches' willingness to bite after being exposed to beer, garlic, and soured cream
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Time from application to
No
No of
biting (seconds)
of
exposures for -------------------------Type of exposure
leeches
each leech
Median
Range
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Guinness stout
6
3
187*
38-301
Hansa bock
6
3
136
12-301
Water
6
3
92
7-301
Garlic
2
1
@
Soured cream
4
7
25
2-301
Bare arm
4
7
34
2-301
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* P=0.06 compared with control (water).
@ Due to the lethal effect of garlic, the leeches were unable to initiate feeding.
Results
After exposure to beer some of the leeches…
…changed behaviour…
…swaying their forebodies…
…losing grip…
…falling on their backs.
Two leeches … died 2 1/2 hours after the exposure to garlic. For ethical
reasons the garlic arm was abandoned at this point.
Leeches exposed to soured cream … they bit no sooner than the controls.
Discussion
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State significance of results
Compare results with previous studies
Acknowledge limitations of study
Make recommendations for future research
social policy, or practical application
Discussion
• Exposure to beer tended to disrupt the leeches' normal
behaviour and made them erratic. …Ingested garlic has
been reported to be lethal to some animals,5 but we believe
this to be the first study showing garlic to be lethal by skin
absorption.
• The alleged effect of soured cream may have been an
extrapolation of the deaconess's own preferences, an
example of the placebo effect. …This study provides a
reminder of how medical beliefs can stand uncontradicted
for decades.
http://www.leechesusa.com/leechesusa/
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Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity
in Primates After a Common
Recreational Dose Regimen of
MDMA ("Ecstasy")
“…recreational MDMA users may unwittingly be putting
themselves at risk, either as young adults or later in life, for
developing neuropsychiatric disorders…”
Retraction
“We write to retract our report "Severe dopaminergic
neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose
regimen of MDMA ("ecstasy")", following our recent
discovery that the drug used to treat all but one animal in that
report came from a bottle that contained (+)methamphetamine instead of the intended drug, (±)MDMA.”
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA
Nuclear Import and Integration Are Mitosis
Independent in Cycling Cells
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Dec. 2003,
p. 13412–13417 Vol. 77, No. 24
Richard A. Katz, James G. Greger,
Pamela Boimel, and Anna Marie Skalka
Institute for Cancer Research
Fox Chase Cancer