Karmen, Chapter 11
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Transcript Karmen, Chapter 11
Crime Victims: An Introduction to
Victimology
Seventh Edition
By Andrew Karmen
Chapter Eleven:
Additional Groups of Victims
with Special Problems
Date Rapes on Campuses
Maximalist Position vs. Minimalist Position
Epidemic occurrences
Least reported of all crimes
Not counting accurately
Difference between sexual assault and
consensual sex
Need for more workshops for incoming
freshmen on dating and intimacy
Campus Rape Surveys
3,000 female students—32 colleges, 1987
– 17% attempted or completed acquaintance rape
per year
– Less than 5% reported to police
– 5% sought assistance from rape crisis center
– 50% of cases told no one
– 84% knew the victim
– 57% were on a date
– Most incidents occurred off-campus
Drug-Facilitated Date Rape
Males surreptitiously administer “club
drugs”—popular during early 90s
– Rohypnol—Roofies
– GHB—Liquid ecstasy
– MDMA—Ecstasy
– Ketamine—Special K
Large doses induce sedation and temporary
amnesia—more so when used with alcohol
Can result in loss of consciousness
Drug-Facilitated Date Rape
Maximalists define “date rape drug” as any
substance that renders the user incapable of
saying “no” or asserting herself
Drug-Induced Rape Prevention Act of 1996
imposed stiff penalties for sale or
possession
Education programs for awareness
Drug-Facilitated Date Rape
Minimalists question the “scourge”
– Study in Great Britain reflected most date rapes
were about binge drinking alone or combined
with recreational drug use
– Women “playing the victim” to avoid
responsibility
– Even minimalists agree males should not take
advantage of women when under the influence
Campus Violence
College campuses are relatively safe
– Property crimes far more prevalent than violent
crimes
See Table 11.1, page 306: Crimes
Committed on Campus
Crimes Committed at Schools
See Table 11.2, page 309
Non-reporting continues to be a problem
Murders most accurately counted
– See Figure 11.1, page 310
Youngsters slain at school=1% of total youth killings
2005—21 school aged children slain on school
grounds while approx 1500 murdered other locations
Victims of Workplace Violence
“Workplace Violence” terms coined in ’89
– “Going Postal” became common term
– Four Different “threat assessment” strategies
Reduce odds intruder can come into workplace
Prevent outside disputes from coming into workplace
Protect employees who deal with irate customers,
unruly students, disturbed patients and inmates
Safeguard employees from disgruntled current or
former employees
Victims of Workplace Violence
Being Killed on the Job
– Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
– Police/Detectives
Being Assaulted on the Job
– Law enforcement jobs
– Workers in mental health field
– College Professor—safest job
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers
The term “stalker” was coined in the 80s
California established first anti-stalking legislation
in 1990; By 1994, all states had criminalized
stalking practices.
Two Types of Stalking
– Celebrity stalking: relatively rare
– Prior relationship stalking: more common
Very few stalking charges nationally each year
Most victims are women and offenders are ex-husbands
and ex-boyfriends who are jealous and possessive
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers
Elements of Stalking Crime
– 1. Victim has reasonable fear of death or great
bodily injury
– 2. Credible threat of violence
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers
Nationwide Survey—Stalking during lifetime
– 1 out of every 12 women
– 1 out of every 45 men
– Most targets were female—78%
– Most perpetrators were male—87%
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers
Self Protective Measures:
– Report crime
– Keep corroborating evidence
– Get restraining order
– Unlisted phone
– Trap incoming calls
– Change locks
– Vary daily routine
– Move if necessary
Cyberstalking
Online harassment—online abuse—cyber
harassment
Use of internet or electronic communications
to pass along threats
Police often lack resources to investigate
– Multi-jurisdictional task forces work cases
Prosecutors lack resources to prosecute
– Only 16% of prosecutor offices nationwide
charged someone in 2001
Officers Injured/Killed in Line of Duty
“As the first line of defense for the social
order, law enforcement agents serve as a
lightning rod, attracting and absorbing the
bolts of discontent emanating from alienated
individuals and hostile groups within
society.”—Author
Often considered to be the most heinous of
all crimes and usually punishable by death
in most states
Officers Injured/Killed in Line of Duty
Number of deaths peaked in 1979, dropped
in the 80s, and then became fairly stable
See Trends Graph, Figure 11.3, page 324
(covers 1973-2007)
Most Likely to be Killed
– Easy going and good natured
– Less inclined to use force in situations involving
mentally ill or armed person
– Involved in some kind or procedural miscue
Officers Injured/Killed in Line of Duty
Statistical Portrait of Murdered Officers:
– 95% were males
– 84% were white
– 70% less than 40 years old
– 54% working in Southern U.S.
– 93% killed by gunfire
– 55% were wearing protective body armor
Victims of Bias/Hate Crimes
Crimes motivated by hate for a particular group
1990 enacted Hate Crimes Statistics Act:
FBI to gather data annually on bias crimes
2006 FBI reported 9,650 hate crimes
–
–
–
–
53% racial motivation—mainly against blacks
13% ethnic motivation—mainly Jewish
18% religious intolerance
16% sexual preference
75% of law enforcement agencies report
hate/bias crimes nationally
Criminal Justice Reforms:
Hate/Bias Crimes
Since 80s there are stiffer penalties
By 2000, most agencies had specially trained units
to investigate hate/bias crimes
Not all states protect homosexuals
Recent legislation provides for civil remedies
States hesitant to protect homosexuals to give
appearance of endorsement of lifestyle
Hate crimes on college campus virtually nonexistent
Terrorism
Violence taking form of bombing,
assassination, kidnapping for ransom,
hostage taking, and skyjacking
FBI reports 1980-Sept 2001
– 348 incidents in U.S. suspected
– 259 verified
– Majority committed by domestic groups
Terrorism
1995 Oklahoma City bombing was worst terrorist
incident pre-9/11.
Sept 11, 2001 Trade Tower—Al Qaeda killed 2,838
in Towers, 189 at Pentagon, and 44 in
Pennsylvania plane crash
See Figure 11.5, page 330: Casualties of
Terrorism
Compensation of 9/11 Victims
– Set precedent for future and past terrorist victims?
Key Terms
Stalking
Cyberstalking
Bias crime
Hate crime
Bias incidents
Suspected terrorist
attacks
Domestic terrorism
Confirmed terrorist
attacks
International terrorism
Preventions