Transcript drugs and their effects 15

Drugs & Their Effects
Ms Markowski
Drug Effects & Delivery Methods
1. Therapeutic: Intended effects = GOOD
2. Non-therapeutic: Unintended effects = Side Effects
1.
3. snorting
2. IV
4. (eating)
5. Transdermal (skin)
Any drug/medicine can be toxic at a certain dose
*It MATTERS how you put the drug in your body*
Faster it gets in your body => faster the addiction
FYI: Scheduling of Drugs
Schedule I:
- high potential for abuse
- most dangerous
- no accepted medical use in US
Meth, street marijuana, ecstasy
heroin, GHB, LSD, bath salts
Schedule II:
- High potential for abuse
- Has current accepted medical use in US with severe restrictions
- Abuse may lead to severe dependence
cocaine, morphine, ritalin
codeine, oxycontin, adderall
Schedule III:
- Less abuse potential than schedules I and II
- Has accepted medical use in US
- Abuse many lead to moderate dependence
Schedule IV:
- Low potential for abuse
- Has accepted medical use in US
Abuse may lead to limited dependence
Schedule V:
- Very low potential for abuse
- prescriptions not always required
Has accepted medical use in US
,
- DOES NOT mean non-lethal
anabolic steroids,
testosterone, marinol,
,
anti-anxiety drugs like
Xanax, Valium, Klonipin
Robitussin, Claritin,
Sudafed, Advil, Aleve,
Remember your Liver
• our “detox” organ
• Processes all drugs &
alcohol consumed
– (alcohol: half – 1 oz. per hour)
• It does get damaged over
time
Key Point:
Remember How Drugs Work
1. Drugs overwhelm (flood) the brain with
neurotransmitters (NTs), usually by increasing how much
and how long NTs can stimulate receptors.
– Overtime, body will reduce amount of NTs produced in the future
(homeostasis)
– This reduces normal feelings of pleasure
2. Drug overstimulation/flooding of NTs
also reduces (kills) # of receptors
– similar to hearing loss with loud music
– Now you will need more drug to have the same
pleasure effect = Tolerance
• These 2 brain changes are known as
BRAIN DAMAGE and addiction typically starts
6 Classes of Drugs:
know basic effects and examples of each class
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Narcotics/Opiates/Prescription Pain drugs
“Club Drugs”
Inhalants
1. Stimulants
“speed/uppers”
• INCREASE Central Nervous
system (4 “B”s):
– Heart rate &Breathing
– Blood pressure & body temp
• Increase anxiety & movement
– feel energetic and awake
Examples:
• Methamphetamines “meth”
• “Bath Salts”/MDPV
• Cocaine/crack
• Rx AD/HD Amphetamines Adderal/Ritalin
• Nicotine
• Caffeine (coffee, soda, tea)
More about Cocaine
Schedule II: used medically as a numbing agent & blood vessel
restrictor for surgeries but highly addictive
Effects: Short high(15-30 minutes then crash)
• increased heart rate/blood pressure - constricts blood vessels
• increased energy/very alert high
- decreased appetite
Concerns:
• Stimulating effect: dangerous to heart
• Changes experience of “pleasure”
• Expensive and VERY physically addictive
Lacing Issues
History: 1885 US pharmacies sold it as a stimulant and as an anesthetic. Coca
leaves were included in Coca-Cola until the early 1900s. 1970 it became
illegal to use cocaine except as anesthesia for specific surgeries
More about Methamphetamines
• Produced in labs, often in homes
• Made of household chemicals and poisons
Effects/Problems: Strongest intense high up to 200xs dopamine
• Invincible feelings
- Dental problems
- weight loss
- violent behavior
- psychosis - intense paranoia & delusions
- meth “bugs”
• Extremely addictive, very toxic to body due to ingredients
• Serious withdrawals up to 7 days after last use
•
History: created in 1919 in Japan to be stronger than amphetamines to keep
soldiers awake. 1950s it was used as diet and antidepressant drugs. Became
illegal in 1970 because of addiction and no medical benefits
•
faces of meth users
More about Amphetamines or AD/HD drugs
or “Speed”
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Adderall - Vyvanse - Ritalin
- Focalin
- Methylphenadate
• Medical Uses: AD/HD and Narcolepsy to help stimulate prefrontal cortex
to keep people focuses and alert
• Recreational Uses: stay awake longer, “concentrate”
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Concerns/Effects:
Sudden Heart attack, weight loss, sleeplessness,
depression, suicidal thoughts, addiction
Cause a “down/depressed” feeling after use: WANT MORE & Tolerance
76% more likely to have Parkinson’s disorder later in life (dopamine disorder)
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AMPHETAMINE PSYCHOSIS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?index=18&feature=PlayList&v=1XIdSvv6eEA&list=PLED44D7A51F65D394
• History: medical use for alertness for truck drivers and military personnel but
tolerance and addiction made it schedule II (Rx only)
“Bath Salts” (MDVP)
methylenedioxypyrovalerone
•man made powerful Stimulants with hallucinogenic effects, cheaper &
stronger than cocaine and amphetamines or “speed”
•“Bath salts” just a nickname like “weed” for marijuana or “acid” for LSD
Concerns: 10x more powerful than cocaine or speed and can last for days
sometimes hospitalization needed
– Panic Attacks / Fits / Delusions -suicidal and homicidal
– Sweating / Fever - Seizures - Nosebleeds
– Severe Paranoia / Psychosis
2. Depressants “downers”
• SLOW DOWN 4 “Bs” / CNS:
– Heart rate & Breathing
– Blood pressure & body temp
• Feel relaxed & sleepy
• Examples:
– Alcohol
– GHB/Rohypnol “Date rape drugs”
– Rx Anxiety drugs/ Benzodiazpenes
• Valium, Xanax, Klonipin, Ativan
– Sedatives/Barbiturates
• Haldol and sleeping pills
• Anesthesia and “lethal injections”
Alcohol & 3 reasons why it is so
harmful to growing teen brains
1. Brain is still growing in general
So alcohol will stunt that brain growth
2.Amygdala (pleasure center) is swollen
Alcohol feels better and is more addictive to
teens
3.Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is still developing
Alcohol interferes directly with the PFC,
leading to poorer decision making & risky
behaviors
Rohypnol & GHB “Date Rape Drugs”
Medical Uses: Sleeping Medicine in Europe , NOT U.S.
ON TEST: Why is it used as a Date Rape Drug?:
- Causes extreme Drowsiness & amnesia and sometimes an unconscious state
- Colorless, odorless, tasteless....just like water!
Prevention Tactics -----------------------
– Watch your drink / never leave it on a table
– Don’t drink something another person gives you!
– New nail polish !!!
History:
created to treat withdrawal symptoms in recovering alcoholics and
people addicted to narcotics in 1990s but quickly taken off market because of
amnesia and blackouts and overdose/death. Illegal in 2000.
Video
What Would You Do
3. Hallucinogens
• Make you SEE, HEAR, FEEL things
that are not real
• “Flashbacks” years later
• paranoia / anxiety possible
• Examples:
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Marijuana
Hashish / salvia
Mushrooms (‘Psilocybin)
LSD &PCP
Mescaline (peyote cactus)
All About Marijuana
• Cannabis sativa plant
• THC (tetra-hydracannabinol) makes you “high” and
concentrations of it vary
Within 15-30 minutes of smoking marijuana…
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rapid heart rate & increased breathing rate
low blood pressure
red eyes & dry mouth (blood expansion due to low b.p.)
increased appetite, "munchies“
slowed reaction time/decrease in coordination
distorted sense of time, vision, taste (the hallucination!!)
Euphoria or Paranoia
short-term memory loss
Some people experience panic attacks and loss of control
• Stays in body for ~30 -40 days as it is stored in fatty tissues
Overtime, smoking marijuana can lead to…
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Increasing short-term Memory loss
Learning disabilities/Poor academic achievement
Distraction and loss of attention span
Anxiety and panic attacks
Lowered immune function
Respiratory problems/Lung infections/Cancers
- Damage to testes and ovaries (cancer)
- Decreased sperm count and quality
- Lower sex drive
- Impotence
- Menstrual cycle changes
- AND NOW....it CAN LEAD TO ADDICTION, too thanks genetic engineering
increasing the content of THC (see next slides) and earlier age of use (before
16 years old)
Why is marjiuana today stronger
than in was 20-30 years ago?
• Genetic engineering has increased the concentration of
THC in different marijuana seeds
• 175% stronger than pot in 80s
Marijuana’s Potency 200-800% Higher than in 1970s
Marijuana, THC & the Teen Brain
(From Journal of Neuroscience & Brain in Hand by Daniel Siegel)
• THC slaughters young neurons in the teen brain
• Epigenetic studies show THC exposure to a teen brain
can “pop the lid off” dormant genetic predispositions for
the following mental illnesses:
– Anxiety
– Schizophrenia / Drug induced Psychosis
– Addiction
• Essentially, THC has been shown to “awaken” genes that
otherwise may never have been expressed if not for the
exposure of THC
• LATEST NEWS:
– BDNF
is depleted in teen brain when exposed to
THC.
– However, BDNF increases in exposure when THC is given
to Alzheimer patients over the age of 70!
(brain-derived neurotrophic factor)
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18807247
Teen Brain, THC & Your Life Facts
1. Short term memory loss (can’t have new long term memories without the
short term)
2. Not able to shift attention effectively while high (driving & school issues)
1. Fixation while high does not = focus
2. It can look & feel like pot is helping you focus but it’s fixation & overcompensation
3. Colorado has had fatal car crashes due to pot double since legalization
3. Lower verbal IQ with pot use (aphasia-like speech)
4. State-dependent learning:
1. when you learn something while high, you remember it when high, when you learn
something sober, you remember it sober
2. Aerosmith band member & Eric Clapton both had to relearn guitar after getting sober!
5. Marijuana stores in fat cells so it has a longer impact even if you don’t feel
high
6. Many career applications ask, “Have you ever had any alcohol or drug
related incidents?
1. Then they search your online profiles for evidence & privacy settings do not matter
when employees want to hire you
7. Increases in Theta waves (just like early sleep) so it feels good!
Medical Marijuana
Diseases:
- Cancer
- AIDS
-Glaucoma
-Multiple Sclerosis
-Severe anorexia
3 general benefits
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Decrease nausea/vomiting
Increase appetite
Reduces blood pressure in eyes
Can lessen perception of pain
All states laws are different
Marijuana 101
Schizophrenia vs. Drug Induced Psychosis Study
IQ declines
• Is it addictive? Read about it here: Notre Dame
~17% of teens who try it become addicted
•
~40% of daily users become addicted
•
- 17% of all rehab admissions
• Withdrawal Symptoms:1-3 weeks after last use
• Irritability
- sleeplessness - aggression
- Anxiety
- depression
- cravings
Cough Syrup Abuse (with DXM)
Hallucinogenic Drug when ABUSED
Laws: Some states limit access to age 18+, and/or
limit quantities a person can purchase
Effects: Dizzy/Light Headed/Hallucinations
Other Common Effects/Concerns/Issues:
-
Nauseous/Vomiting
Fatigue
Flashbacks
Insomnia
Permanent Damage to Thinking Skills
Permanent Liver & Brain Damage
Seizures
Death
K2/Spice: Synthetic Marijuana
Marketed as Herbal Incense: Hallucinogen
• More dangerous than marijuana
• “couch lock” one effect – an inability to move
despite being conscious.
• loss of consciousness, paranoia, and
occasionally, psychotic episodes,”
• Synthetic cannabis is a psychoactive
designer drug derived of natural herbs
sprayed with synthetic chemicals
• 5 of the common chemicals used to make
synthetic marijuana became schedule I in
march of 2011 but they come up with new
drugs (like bath salts) to use
Maine has banned many of the chemicals, but not
all of them
4. Narcotics/Opiates/Rx Pain Drugs
• Highly addictive
• Relief from SEVERE pain
– Nausea & drowsiness
common side effects
• Examples:
– Heroin
– Opium
• Example Rx drugs:
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Morphine
Oxycontin
Percocet
Vicodin (hydrocodone)
Methadone/suboxone
Lortabs
More about Rx Pain Drugs
Oxycontin, Percocet, Vicodin, Dilaudid, etc
ALL Rx Pain Drugs are Habit Forming!!
Effects: Euphoric, relaxed, drowsy, nausea, vomiting, itching
-easily addictive---withdrawals same as heroin, blocks CNS ability
to sense current pain signals
• Controlled Release: Drugs are coated to provide pain relief
over time (12 hrs.) so you can’t crush and snort it
• Recreational Use:
- Concern for respiratory depression - Decreased brain function
- Mood changes
- Confusion
- Numbness in arms/legs
- Vomiting/Nausea
- Slurred Speech - Coma/Death
- Will cause withdrawals and Tolerance
•Issue in Maine?
Pharm Parties
Methadone/Suboxone
• Treatment for Heroin &
Opiate addiction
• Given Orally(by pill or liquid) in
methadone clinics
– Binds to same NT receptors as
opiates but you can function
and start to work at recovery
and rehab
– Heroin and Rx Pain drugs will
NOT make you high while on
Methadone/Suboxone
• Downside: this medicine is
addictive too
More about Heroin
• Schedule I: no medical use, very addictive, CHEAPER than and
easier to buy than Rx pain drugs with similar effect
• Initial Effects: “Euphoric Rush”---feel warm, heavy, cloudy,
drowsy
• Chronic Use: Tolerance develops quickly, significant withdrawal
symptoms when not high; “keep the sick off”
• Withdrawals = severe pain, vomiting, diarrhea, cold flashes,
muscle spasms, insomnia usually persist
for one week after last use
History: created in 1874 in England to help wean people
off morphine. Since it was so addictive and withdrawal to
heroin was worse than morphine, it became illegal in early
1905 (opium) 1924 (heroin)
Narcan
• Rx drug to prevent death
from Heroin overdose
5. Club Drugs
• Combinations of hallucinogens &
stimulants
• Effects:
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Sweating, increases in hb, bp
Increased energy & seizures
Delusions & psychosis
Teeth grinding & nosebleeds
Heart attack and death
• Examples:
– Ecstasy/Molly: hallucinogen &
stimulant
– Ketamine (cat tranquilizer)
hallucinogen & stimulant
•
History: created in Germany in 1900s to help make
other drugs. 1985 banned for addiction potential
6. Inhalants
• Not drugs, they are POISON!
• Household products that produce a high by breathing them in
• Trick brain into thinking it is Oxygen when it is really poison but ANY
perceived “high” is really the brain shutting down (hypoxia)
– Hypoxia: Decrease in the oxygen supply in the bloodstream
• Effects: death, dizziness, blackout, trouble with vision and hearing,
nausea, headache, memory problems
– 39% of inhalant deaths are 1st time users
Sudden Sniffing Death Syndrome
In The News
VIDEO
Video 2
Anabolic STEROIDS
• Examples:
– Testosterone & androgens
– HGH
Effects:
• Increase muscle mass or fat if
you don’t workout
• Develop secondary sex
characteristics (puberty) of
the opposite gender
• acne, infertility, liver cancer,
sexual dysfunction
• “Roid rage”
Drug Exam Review
1. 3 parts of the brain impacted by drugs & functions limbic system,
prefrontal cortex & brain stem
2. Define Tolerance & Addiction
3. ALL about alcohol & 3 reasons it’s so bad for teens
4. Effects of the 6 categories of drugs
5. Why marijuana today is stronger than it was 20 years ago
6. Brief description & effects of all the specific drugs we talked about (see
back of Drug Practice Quiz 1)
7. Explain how drugs change the brain in 2 ways (neurotransmitters and
receptors, leading to tolerance)
8. Drug delivery methods (fastest to slowest)
9. 2 reasons why GHB/Rohypnol is used as date rape drug
10. ½ ounce/hour rule for alcohol and .02 BAC/hour rule (know the math)
11. Healthy decision making process
FYI: A “Drug Lab”