Transcript factors affecting fitness

WHAT IS FITNESS ?
FITNESS IS A MEASURE OF THE
BODY’S ABILITY TO COMPLETE
ACTIVITIES FOR EVERYDAY LIFE
EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY.
FITNESS FOR SPORT HOWEVER, IS OFTEN
MORE SPECIFIC AND AT A HIGHER LEVEL.
FITNESS HAS TWO MAIN COMPONENTS,
HEALTH – RELATED FITNESS AND SKILL –
RELATED FITNESS.
HOWEVER, WHAT FACTORS CAN
AFFECT AN INDIVIDUALS
FITNESS ?
FACTORS AFFECTING
FITNESS
WHAT ARE THEY ?
EATING DISORDERS
SMOKING
PHYSIQUE
WEIGHT AND
HEALTH
STRESS
DIET
AGE
DISABILITY
PERFROMANCE ENHANCING
DRUGS
GENDER
ALCOHOL
WEIGHT AND HEALTH
IN PAIRS DISCUSS AND LIST THE WAYS YOU FEEL
WEIGHT AND HEALTH CAN AFFECT SOME-ONES
FITNESS :BEING THE WRONG WEIGHT CAN LEAD TO HEALTH
PROBLEMS. THE RISK OF HEART ATTACK , STROKES
AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASE FOR
PEOPLE WHO ARE OVERWEIGHT.
AGE
IN PAIRS DISCUSS AND LIST HOW YOU FEEL
AGE AFFECTS SOME-ONES FITNESS
• Our bodies slow down with age
• Participating in physical activity is beneficial as
age increases
• Muscular strength declines with age, but
endurance levels can be maintained
• Bones become brittle and the capacity to
withstand impact injuries declines
• Reaction and limb speed decline
• Numbers of older people involved in sport is
growing rapidly
• The ageing process can be slowed down by
continued participation in physical activity
AGE
• TASK :Why might older people want to stay
fit?
GENDER
• Generally, females are not as physically
strong as males
• Women have 30% greater fat content than
men
– Contributes to their muscular endurance, they are able
to endure more physical hardship than men
• Hormonal changes in women as they get
older can make their bones more brittle,
physical exercise helps to maintain bone
density.
• Changing attitudes to women participating in
sport will allow performance to improve
rapidly
GENDER
• TASK :Discuss how changes in social
attitude over the years has affected
participation and performance in
different sports and activities on the
basis of gender?
DISABILITY
• Gender and ageing still apply
•
- As we get older, we become less mobile; our
vision is likely to become less acute. The physical
components of fitness are all affected by age. Some
of them, such as strength & stamina, differ between
the sexes and can also be affected by disability.
• Attitudes to participation have changed
• Technology now allows more participation
- Such as wheelchairs and prostheses can improve the
quality of participation.
• Disability sport is now becoming
mainstream
LIFESTYLE INFLUENCES
• The most direct influences on our
lifestyle are:
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Parents
Friends
Other adults - teachers
Role models in sport
Popular music
The media
LIFESTYLE INFLUENCES
• All of these can have a positive or
negative influences on our
participation and fitness:
Positive influences can be :- Taking part in activities
- Support and confidence building
- Highlighting activities available to you
Negative influences can be :– Be injurious to our general health
– Have a detrimental influence on sporting
performance or contribute to cheating
LIFESTYLE INFLUENCES
SMOKING
• At one time socially acceptable, - ‘the cool
thing to do’ but not now
• Now much more informed about the dangers
of smoking
• Affects fitness in following ways:
– It increases the likelihood of heart malfunction
– It increases the likelihood of thrombosis
– It damages and reduces the capacity and
efficiency of the lungs
– It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the
blood
– It limits the efficiency of gaseous exchange
SMOKING
• TASK :Why do you think many young people are
still tempted to take up smoking,
despite the clear indications that it is
damaging to their health?
ALCOHOL
• More socially acceptable than smoking
• For sports performers alcohol can:
– Artificially steady the nerves prior to and during
competition
– Delay or mask feelings of tiredness/exhaustion
• Unwanted side-effects of alcohol consumption:
– Dehydration – alcohol is a diuretic drug –
increases loss of fluid from the body
– Slower heart rate, creating an unfair advantage
– Possible liver damage
– Slower reaction time and/or false assessment of
risky situations
EATING DISORDERS
• The term 'eating disorder' is an illness
rather than the result of poor diet
• Eating disorders are damaging in two
ways:
– They affect general health and well being
– They affect active sportspeople who have
great emphasis placed on their body shape
• ANOREXIA NERVOSA
– Self imposed starvation
– Sufferers are obsessed with being fat
EATING DISORDERS
• BULLIMIA NERVOSA
– Sufferers have a poor self image
– Binge eating is usually followed by vomiting
• Both disorders affect more women than
men
• Usually happen in sports where physique is
important
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Gymnastics
Horse racing
Distance running
Bodybuilding
EATING DISORDERS
ANOREXIA
NERVOSA
• Self – imposed
starvation
• Obsessed with
their appearance
& weight
• Imagine that
they are too fat
• Often involve
themselves in
vigorous exercise
BULIMIA NERVOSA
• Poor self – image
• Binge eating usually
followed by feelings of
self disgust and vomiting
Obsessed with their
appearance & weight
• Imagine that they are
too fat
• Often involve
themselves in vigorous
exercise
COMPULSIVE
EATING
DISORDER
• Episodes of
uncontrollable
over – eating
• Do not normally
make themselves
vomit after
eating
• Are not
obsessed with
the need to
exercise
STRESS
• Moderate levels can produce improvements in
performance
• Extreme levels can de-motivate and seriously
depress performance levels (over arousal)
• Stress levels can be managed in many ways:
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Setting attainable targets
Mental rehearsal and positive imagery
Verbal reassurance from coach
Relaxation, both physical and mental
• The same stimulus e.g. a noisy crowd, can act as a
positive influence on one performer, but negative
on another
• The big occasion will bring out the best in some
players, but may overwhelm others
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING
DRUGS
• Performance enhancing drugs are
taken with the intention of gaining
an unfair advantage
STIMULANTS
Most common are amphetamines, which
mask the effects of tiredness and
increase feelings of aggression
They are normally associated with
endurance events
NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
Painkillers used to mask the pain of
injury
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING
DRUGS
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
– Artificial substances that reproduce those which
occur in the body naturally (e.g.testosterone)
– Used in the building of muscle bulk as they
accelerate recovery from training
– They produce dangerous long term side effects to
health
DIURETICS
- They expel water from the body faster than is
normally the case
- Used in sports where bodyweight is critically
important
- Can also be taken to mask the presence of other
substances
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING
DRUGS
• ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)
– Increases the production of red blood
cells which carry oxygen to the muscles
– Used in endurance events
– Very hard to detect after 72 hours
• BLOOD DOPING
Involves the removal and later replacement of
blood to increase its oxygen-carrying capacity
Can produce a 20% increase in blood
haemoglobin levels
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING
DRUGS
TYPE
OF
DRUG
Stimulant
WHY THEY
ARE USED
EXAMPLE
OF DRUG
SPORT
ASSOCIATED
WITH DRUG
To reduce the
Amphetamines Endurance
effects of tiredness /Caffeine
Events & increase feelings
Cycling / Long
of aggression/
distance
competitiveness
swimming
Narcotic
Used to mask the Pain Killers Morphine/Heroin All sports
Analgesics pain of injury
/Codeine
Anabolic Permits the body to
Stanazol
Weight Lifting
Steroids recover from heavy
Nandrolone
training more
Clenbuterol
quickly than normal
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING
DRUGS
TYPE OF WHY THEY EXAMPLE
DRUG
ARE USED OF DRUG
SPORTS
ASSOCIATED
WITH DRUG
Expels water
Horse
Diuretics
Thiazides
from the body
Racing/Boxing
Lasix
at an
(Where bodyweight
Aldactone
accelerated rate
is critical)
Peptide
Increase the
Endurance
Erythropoietin
Hormones & production of
Events
Corticotrophin
Analogues
red blood cells
which carry O2
to the muscles
Beta Blockers
To slow down
the heart
beat
Inderal
Propranolol
Biocadren
Pistol Shooting
/Archery
(Steady hand)
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING
DRUGS
TYPE WHY IT PROCESS INVOLVED
OF
IS
DRUG USED
Blood
doping
To
increase
the blood’s
oxygencarrying
capacity
•Blood is taken from the athlete several
wks before a major competition
•The red blood cells are removed and the
remaining components of blood are
immediately re-injected to allow the body
to rebuild it’s missing red cells
•A few days prior to competition the
original red cells are re-injected
•This can increase the body’s red blood cell
count by up to 20 per cent above normal