Transcript Who Is the Client That We Serve?

Methamphetamine Use Among
Offenders
Association for Criminal Justice Research (CA)
March 17, 2005
Jerry Cartier / David Farabee / Michael Prendergast
University of California, Los Angeles
Integrated Substance Abuse Programs
National Prevalence
• Drug Use Among Male Arrestees (ADAM, 2002)
(National Medians)
• Any Drug: 63.9%
• Marijuana: 40.5%
• Crack/Powder
Cocaine: 30.4%
• Heroin: 5.9%
• Methamphetamine:
5.3%
UCLA-ISAP
Cities Reporting >20% Arrestees
Using Methamphetamine
(Hawaii)
UCLA-ISAP
UCLA’s Evaluation of California’s
Prison Treatment Initiative
•
•
•
•
Initial Assessment (IA) Form
1998-2004
19 prison-based programs
N=25,297
UCLA-ISAP
Primary Substance Reported by
California Inmates
(N=22,903)
F = 13.0%
CA = 6.5%
6
Marijuana
11.5
Alcohol
15
Heroin
F = 23.2%
CA = 46.2%
17.4
Other
21.5
Cocaine
28.8
Methamph.
0
5
10
15
UCLA-ISAP
20
25
30
Profiles of Methamphetamine
Users vs. Other Inmates
UCLA-ISAP
Profiles of Methamphetamine
Users vs. Other Inmates
MA Users
(n=6,929)
Non-MA Users
(n=18,496)
Total
(N=25,425)
AGE
MALE
34.1
60.4
36.6*
50.9*
35.9
53.5
RACE
-African-Amer.
-White
-Hispanic
5.8
66.2
19.3
38.4*
23.3*
20.9
29.4
35.0
20.5
EMPLOYED
TX VOLUNTEER
44.8
56.7
38.8*
40.9*
40.4
45.2
VARIABLE
UCLA-ISAP
Risk Behaviors Associated with
Methamphetamine Use
HIV
Crime & Violence
HIV
Injection-Related HIV Risk
• Injected in the Past 6
Months:
– MA Users: 37.1%
– Non-MA Users: 11.1%
• Of the MA IDUs:
– 24% used “dirty”
syringes
– 30% shared cookers,
rinse water, etc.
UCLA-ISAP
Sex-Related HIV Risk
(Odd Ratios of MA Users vs. Non-MA Users)
UCLA-ISAP
Sex-Related HIV Risk
(Odd Ratios of MA Users vs. Non-MA Users)
1.5
Traded Sex for
Money/Drugs
2.5
Unprotected Sex
w/ Non-Partner
4.8
Unprotected Sex
w/ IDU
0
1
2
UCLA-ISAP
3
4
5
Crime & Violence
Routes of Influence
(Source: Goldstein (1985). Journal of Drug Issues, 15, 493-506 )
 Economic-Compulsive
Intentional crime that results from drug users
engaging in an economically oriented crime
to support their own addiction.
 Pharmacological
Crimes that occur as a result of the
excitability, paranoia, or poor impulse
control associated with use of certain drugs.
 Systemic
Crimes associated with drug manufacturing and
distribution.
UCLA-ISAP
Methamphetamine Use and Violence
• Studies testing cooccurrence and/or
causation
• About 50% of MA
report engaging in
violence
• A quarter to twothirds attributed
violence to MA use
100
80
60
40
20
0
MA & Violence
MA --> Violence
Brecht
et al.
(2004)
59
57
UCLA-ISAP
Von
Mayrhau
ser et al.
W right
et al.
(2001)
Pennell
et al.
(1999)
66
47
24
33
Returned to Custody for Any Reason
(Odd Ratios of MA Users vs. Non-MA Users)
• MA users were about
30% more likely to
recidivate than NonMA users.
• This effect held even
after controlling for
involvement in drug
trade.
2.5
2
1.5
1.3
1.27
1
0.5
0
UCLA-ISAP
RTC
RTC (Cont.
for Sales)
Returned to Custody for Violent Crime
(Odd Ratios of MA Users vs. Non-MA Users)
• MA users were about
as likely to recidivate
as Non-MA users for a
violent crime.
• However, MA use was
associated with days
of self-reported violent
acts.
2.5
2
1.5
0.91
0.94
1
0.5
0
RTC
UCLA-ISAP
RTC (Cont.
for Sales)
Self-Reported Violence
(MA Users vs. Non-MA Users, Past 30 Days)
• MA users were over
three times as likely to
report the commission
of violent acts (e.g.,
assault, domestic
violence, armed
robbery, mugging,
etc.).
30.0%
27%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
6.8%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
MA Use
UCLA-ISAP
No MA Use
Summary
• MA use is most prevalent in
Western states, but expanding
into the Midwest.
(Hawaii)
• Among substance-abusing inmates
in California, MA is the most
commonly cited primary drug.
• MA-using offenders are more likely
than other drug users to be IDUs,
but no more likely than other IDUs
to share works.
UCLA-ISAP
Summary (cont.)
• MA use is associated with
a 2-5 fold increase in sexrelated HIV risk.
• A quarter to two-thirds of MA
users attribute violent acts to
MA use.
•The association between MA use,
crime, and violence does not
appear to be an artifact of drug trade involvement.
UCLA-ISAP
Summary (cont.)
• MA users were
nearly three times
more likely to
report violent acts
than non-MA
users
UCLA-ISAP
Summary (cont.)
• MA users about 30%
more likely to recidivate
(12-months) than NonMA users. Effect held
after controlling for
involvement in drug
trade.
UCLA-ISAP
End