Transcript Chapter Thirteen – Drug Analysis (Part I)

Chapter Thirteen –
Drug Analysis (Part I)
FRSC 8104
Criminalistics II
Professor Bensley
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Objectives
1. Understand the basic concepts of psychological and physical
dependence.
2. Name and classify commonly abused drugs.
3. Define the evolution of the Controlled Substance Act in the
United States and explain the differences between federal
and state and local drug laws.
4. List and define the schedules of the Controlled Substance
Act.
5. Describe the “five p’s” in the chemical analysis of drugs.
6. Describe, explain, and perform the laboratory tests normally
used to perform a routine drug identification analysis.
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Objectives
7. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic
identification of marijuana.
8. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic
identification of pill, tablets, capsules.
9. Explain the testing procedures used for the forensic
identification on powders, solids, and residues.
10. Develop an understanding of the design and manufacturing
process of clandestine laboratories.
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
I. Introduction
A. Definition of drugs and medicines
In 2010, there were 4.9 million
drug-related emergency
department (ED) visits; about one
half (46.8 percent, or 2.3 million
visits) were attributed to drug
misuse or abuse with a nearly
equal percentage (47.4 percent)
attributed to adverse drug
reactions
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAW
N096/SR096EDHighlights2010.htm
• In 2010, ED visits resulting from the misuse or abuse of
pharmaceuticals occurred at a rate of 434.9 visits per 100,000
population compared with a rate of 378.5 visits per 100,000
population for illicit drugs
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAWN096/SR096EDHighlights2010.htm
# ED Visits
• Illicit Drugs
– Heroin
– Cocaine
– Marijuana
• Pharmaceuticals
–
–
–
–
Anti-anxiety + Insomnia
Benzodiazepines
Antidepressants
Pain Relievers
1,171,000
224,706
488,101
461,028
1,345,645
472,769
408,021
105,229
659,969
Visits per 100,000
378.5
72.6
157.8
149.0
434.9
152.8
131.9
34.0
213.3
Drugs with Increasing Involvement in Emergency Department (ED) Visits for Drug
Misuse or Abuse: 2004 to 2010
Drug
Percent Change,
2004 to 2010*
NC
64%
114%
115%
124%
ED Visits, 2004
ED Visits, 2010
Illicit Drugs
Marijuana
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Pharmaceuticals
Anti-anxiety and Insomnia Drugs
991,640
281,619
10,227
626,472
210,711
1,171,024
461,028
21,836
1,345,645
472,769
Benzodiazepines
Antipsychotics
CNS Stimulants (e.g., ADHD Drugs)
170,471
41,930
10,656
408,021
69,149
31,507
139%
65%
196%
Muscle Relaxants
Pain Relievers
Narcotic Pain Relievers
29,014
282,275
166,338
58,783
659,969
425,247
103%
134%
156%
Hydrocodone Products
46,536
115,739
149%
Oxycodone Products
51,418
182,748
255%
* Percent change is measured as difference in the estimated number of visits between 2004 and 2010. Reported
changes are significant at the .05 level; "NC" signifies no significant change.
Source: 2010 SAMHSA Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN).
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
B. More Statistics
Actual Causes
of Preventable
Deaths in
United States
(2000)
Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL (March 2004). "Actual causes of death in the
United States, 2000". JAMA 291 (10): 1238–45. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
$ (Billions)
Table ES.3: Total U.S. Expenditures on Cocaine, Heroin,
Methamphetamine and Marijuana ($ Billions) - 2006
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
http://www.drugwarfacts.org/cms/Economics#Budget
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
II.
Physiology of Drugs (Social Issues)
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
A. Toxicity
1. Behavioral vs. Physiological Toxicity
2. Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
3. DAWN (Drug Abuse Warning Network)
http://www.davinciinstitute.com/new/admin/content/FCKeditor/uploads/Drug%20Toxicity%20Chart.jpg
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
Recently
(2009):
Cocaine –
422,901
Heroin –
213,118
http://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/policy/99ndcs/ii-b.html (chart)
and http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DAWN032/SR032Polydrug2012.htm
(other data)
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
B. Addiction (Habit-forming)
1. Tolerance
2. Physical Dependence
a.
Withdrawal syndrome
3. Physiological Dependence
a.
Reinforcement
C. Crime and Violence
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
Rate per 100,000 Americans
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
III. Chemical Commodities
A. Legal – Pharmaceutical Industry
1.
2.
3.
Ethical vs. Proprietary
Legend vs. OTC
Proprietary vs. Generic
B. Illegal
Heroin Production
Drug Trafficking Routes
Marijuana Production by State - 2006
Production
Weight
(Lb)
Value to
Growers
Rank
State
Harvested
Plants
1
California
21,667,609
8,622,831
$13,848,267,000
2
Tennessee
6,779,093
2,980,853
$4,787,250,000
3
Kentucky
6,467,186
2,786,396
$4,474,952,000
4
Hawaii
5,447,131
2,378,196
$3,819,383,000
5
Washington
2,074,349
641,354
$1,030,015,000
6
North Carolina
998,512
418,588
$672,253,000
7
Florida
1,434,745
369,740
$593,802,000
8
Alabama
810,287
354,551
$569,409,000
15
New York
544,957
205,208
$329,565,000
UNITED STATES
56,412,611
22,293,643
$35,803,591,000
http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr2/Appendix_State_MJ_Prod.pdf
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
C. Drug Names
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chemical
Generic
Brand
Street
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
Chemical - 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-one
Generic - Diazepam
Brand – Valium®
Street – Candy, Downers, Sleeping
Pills, Tranks
Also see this web site!!!
http://www.medisupplies.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/COMMON-STREET-NAMES-21.gif
FRSC 8104 – Chapter 13 Outline
IV. Drug Categories
A.
Actions (Effect)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
Acid/Base/Neutral
1.
2.
3.
C.
Stimulants
Depressants
Analgesics (Narcotics)
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Acidic Drugs
Basic Drugs
Neutral Drugs
Scheduling of Drugs
Schedule I Controlled Substances
(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for
abuse.
(B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States.
(C) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or
other substance under medical supervision.
Examples – Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Methaqualone,
Mescaline, MDMA, GHB, Tryptamines, Most synthetic
drugs
Schedule II Controlled Substances
(A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for
abuse.
(B) The drug or other substance has a currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States or a currently accepted medical use with
severe restrictions.
(C) Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to
severe psychological or physical dependence.
Examples - Morphine, Codeine, phencyclidine (PCP),
cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine
Schedule III Controlled Substances
(A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse
less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I
and II.
(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States.
(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to
moderate or low physical dependence or high
psychological dependence.
Examples - Anabolic steroids, codeine and hydrocodone
with aspirin or Tylenol®, and some barbiturates
Schedule IV Controlled Substances
(A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse
relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III.
(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical
use in treatment in the United States.
(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited
physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to
the drugs or other substances in schedule III.
Examples - Darvon®, Talwin®, Equanil®, Valium®, and Xanax®
(Diazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Flunitrazepam, etc.)
Schedule V Controlled Substances
(A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse
relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.
(B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical
use in treatment in the United States.
(C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited
physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to
the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.
Example - Cough medicines with codeine