Transcript Info slajd Nastajanje nukleinskih kiselina

Biochemistry - an interdisciplinary
scientific discipline whose very fast
development is one of the characteristics
of the 20th century and beginning of a new
millennium.
Biochemistry - an interdisciplinary scientific discipline whose very
fast development is one of the characteristics of the 20th century and
beginning of a new millennium.
High level of knowledge in biochemistry necessary for development of other
associated disciplines (molecular biology,
genetics, biotechnology, medical biology
etc.)
BSc in Chemistry - Biochemistry
At the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
in Novi Sad, in academic 2000/01
a new major
was established
Teaching at this major is performed in collaboration with
Department of Biology and Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, while
the curriculum concept is adapted to programmes of renowned
American and European faculties.
Faculty of Natural Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Within the studies of biochemistry, the
students attend one-semester courses in
biochemistry, chemistry and biology basic
disciplines.
Apart from OBLIGATORY SUBJECTS,
the students are offered ELECTIVE COURSES
Specific feature of the studies is
the concept of experimental
work with the goal to provide
students
with
individual
experience in experimental
work on current biochemical
methods in order to prepare
them for jobs in biochemical
laboratories:
clinical,
biotechnological,
pharmaceutical, agronomic, etc.
Mountain Goč, Serbia
Mountain Goč, Serbia
During the practical work in modernly
equipped
laboratories,
students
use
computers to help them comprehend
complex biochemical mechanisms more
easily.
To reach this goal, our future students will
have permanent help of professors and
assistants.
PROGRAMMES OF MAIN COURSES
0101 GENERAL MATHEMATIC
4 hours per week in I semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
Real and complexes numbers. Element of linear algebra. The
elements of the theory of graf. Functions, integrals.
Diferencial functions in chemistry.
0102 PHYSICS
4 hours per week in II semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
General subjects in mechanics. Electricity and magnetisms.
Optics, Atoms and molecules. Quantum theory.
Radioactivity.
0103 GENERAL CHEMISTRY
4 hours per week in I semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
General stehiometry. Chemical reactions and energy.
Quabtum mechanical models of atom. Periodicum systems
of elements. Chemical bond. Hybridiyation of atom
orbitales. Molecular geometry. Intermolecular interactions
and forces. Metal bond. Cheemical kinetics. Chemical
equlibrium. Solutions. Acid-base theory. Complexes.
O106 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
4 hours per week in II semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
Organic compounds; functional groups, nomenclature.
Bonding and molecular properties. Polar covalent bonds:
electronegativity, dipole moment, polarizability, inductive
and resonance effects. Organic acids and bases. Alkanes and
cycloalkanes. Stereochemistry. Nitroalkanes. Alkyl halides.
Nucleophilic substitutions (SN1, SN2) and eliminations (E1,
E2). Alkenes. Markovnikov's and anti-Markovnikov's rules.
Alkynes. Conjugated dienes; electrophilic additions, DielsAlder cycloaddition reaction. Benzene and aromaticity.
Electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
Polycyclic aromatic compounds. Alcohols, phenols and
thiols. Grignard reactions. Carbocations, Whitemore
rearrangements. Ethers, epoxides and sulfides. Williamson
ether synthesis.
I
0105 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY I
2 hours per week in II semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
Basic principles in analytical chemistry. Solutions and
colloids. Redox reactions. Separations and reactions of
cations and anions. Salt melt reactions. Purity analysis,
application of chromatography in qualitative chemical
analysis. Qualitative analysis of organic compounds and
mixtures.
B101 CELL BIOLOGY AND
HYSTOLOGY
3 hours per week in I semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
The lectures in the course cover certain aspects of cell
biology as they relate to cell, tissue and organ structure
and function. The course presents the structure and
function of the cells, tissues and organs of the body as
revealed by light and electron microscopy. Cell
organization, Tissue structure, Organic system structure
and organization. Digestive, respiratore, circular,
endocrine, reproductive etc.
B102 INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY
3 hours per week in II semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
In the course of lecturing and practical (laboratory)
work, students are getting acquainted with the main
groups of microorganisms (viruses, prokaryotic bacteria
and cyanobacteria, and eukaryotic algae and fungi), their
morphology, functional cell (thallus) structure,
biochemistry and physiology, development, genetics,
basic systematics, ecology, distribution and about their
importance and significance for man and in environment
in general.
PROGRAMMES OF MAIN COURSES II
0201 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I
4 hours per week in III semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Introduction to the structure of atom and molecules. Polarization in electric
field. Dipole moemnt. Refraction, optical activity ORD and CD. Agregation
conditions. Solids state, liquores. Ideal gaqsses. Molecular-orbital theory,
Real gasses, Thermodynamic systems and functions. First and Second law of
Thermodynamic. Entrpy, Gibb`s free energy. Chemical potential.
0202 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY II
4 hours per week in IV Isemester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Phase equlibrium. Two-component systems. Thermodynamic properties of
ideal and real gas mixtures. Henry`s law. Threecomponents systems,
Duffusion, Chemical equilibrium, Colligative properties of electrolite,
Catalitic reaction, chain reactions, Catalyse. The basis of photochemistry.
Introduction to colloid chemistry and electrochemistry.
0203 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
4 hours per week in III semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Aldehydes and ketones -Nomenclature. Preparation of aldheads and ketones.
Oxidation of aldheads and ketenes. Nucleophilic addition reactions. Addition
of carbon nucleophiles. Keto-enol tautomerism. Reaction at carbon.Carboxylic acids and derivatives and nucleophilic acyl substitution
reactions - Nomenclature. Structure and physical properties of carboxylic
acids. Acidity. Characteristic reactions. Esterifikation. Reduction. Enolate
anions and enamines. Claisen and Claisen condensations.Amines Nomenclature.Preparation of amines. Basicity of amines Reaction with
nitrous acids. Hofmann elimination.Carbihydrates - Cyclic structure of
monosaccharides. Physical properties and reactions of monosaccharides.
Disaccharides. Heterocycles- Nomenclature. Structure and reactions
0204 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY II
4 hours per week in III Isemester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Quantitative analysis: principles and classification. Volumetric analysis, acidbase titration, Complexometric titration. Redox reactions methods. Redox
equilibrium, redox indicators, application of redox titrations. Precipitation
methods. Argentometric study: titration and application. Gravimetric
analysis. Analysis of complex mixtures. Gas analysis, Chromatographic
techniques. Deviations in quantitative analysis.
B201 STEREOCHEMISTRY
3 hours per week in IV semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
The scope of stereochemistry. Constitution, configuration and conformation.
Molecular models. Chiral molecules . Molecular symmetry. Chirality
elements. Absolute and relative configuration. Racemic modifications.
Resolution of racemic modifications. Conformation and reactivity in acyclic
compounds. Stereochemistry and conformational analysis of six – membered
rings . Shape of rings other than six – membered ones. Fused rings and
bridged rings. Conformational analysis of steroids. Stereochemistry of
carbohydrates. Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions. Asymmetric
synthesis. The synthetic routes that have been used to synthesise some top
drugs.
O401 BIOCHEMISTRY I (BIOMOLECULES)
3 hours per week in III semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Introduction to Biochemistry. Molecular basis of life. Biomolecules.
Structure and characterization of aminoacids. Proteins. Covalent structure,
three-dimensional structures, protein folding. Hemoglobin structure and
function. Sugars and polysaccharides. Lipids and membranes. Nucleotides,
Transport through membranes. Biochemical communication. Introduction to
enzymes and coenzymes.
0402 BIOCHEMISTRY II (METABOLISM)
4 hours per week in IV semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Introduction to metabolism.Methabolic pathways. Catabolism and anabolism
Thermodynamic of phosphate compounds. Thermodynamic of life.
Glycolisis. Glycogen metabolism. Cytric acid cyicle. Electron transport and
oxidative phosphorilation. Photosynthesis. Lipid metabolism. Metabolism of
aminoacids. Nucleotide metabolism. Nucleic acids structures and
manipulation, replication, transcription and translation.Metabolism
regulatrions.
PROGRAMMES OF MAIN COURSES
0302 Basic
Instrumental analysis
4 hours per week in V semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
The aim and principles of instrumental analysis methods. Analytical
processes. Principles of functioning of measuring instruments. . Signals and
analytical information. Qwuality of measuring instruments. Instrumental
methods of separation. Centrifugation, ultracentrifugation. Techniques of
extractions. Gas chromatography. Liquid chromatography.
Ionochromatography. Electrochromatography. Thermoanalytical methods-TG,
DTA, TGT/EGA, DSC, TMA and therometric methods of analysis. Optical
methods of analysis. Ato,ic emission (OES/ICP, flame photometry) and
absorption spectrometry (AAS). Molecular absorption (UV/VIS/IR)
spectrometry. Nephelometry. Turbidimetry. NMR spectrometry.
Spectrofluorimetry. Conductometry. Potentiometry. Electrogravimetry,
Coulometry. Voltammetry. Radioanalytical methods. Activation analysis.
Automatic and hyphened methods of analysis. Precess analysers. Choise of
the optimal methods of analysis.
B301
Enzymology
3 hours per week in V semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry
The focus of this course will be on the relationship between protein structure
and function and the factors that make enzymes such powerful catalysts.
Topics include enzyme nomenclature, protein structure, chemical catalysis,
basic enzyme kinetics, enzyme mechanisms, inhibitors of enzymes (and their
use as drugs), allosterism and the regulation of enzymes, theories of enzyme
catalysis, and the use of protein engineering and site-directed mutagenesis in
the study of enzymes. The ultimate goal will be an understanding of enzyme
efficiency, specificity, reaction mechanism pathways, metabolic control and
the application of protein engineering to enzymes
B302 Bioinorganic chemistry
2 hours per week in V semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Introduction in bioinorganic chemistry. General principles of
involvements of inorganic elements in living cell and their biological
role. Biological ligands with metal ions. The basic principles of
coordinative chemistry in bioinorganic science. Coenzyme B12, the
role of Mn2+ and Mg2+ in photosynthesis, Oxygen, molecular and
chemical properties, chemoproteines, Fe-S proteins, Metaloenzymes,
Biological role of Mo, V, Va, and Cu. Chemotherapy of some nonessential elements.
III
B303 Experimental Biochemistry
4 hours per week in VI semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry
– Biochemistry
Methods of homogenization and extraction.Solubilites of proteins:
effects of salt concentration,effects of organic solvents, effects of pH.
Diallysis and ultrafiltration.Chromatographic separations:ion
exchange chromatography,gel filtration chromatography, affinity
chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, highperformance liquid chromatography( HPLC).Preparative
centrifugation. Elektrtophoresis: disc elektrophoresis,isoelectric
focusing, SDS-PAGE.Circular dichroism.The enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay. Freeze-drying method.
B304 Toxicological chemistry
4 hours per week in VI semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry
– Biochemistry
Objective: To familiarise students with the basic principles of the
effects of toxic substances in organisms, with methods of evaluation
and the estimation of risks and regulatory aspects of toxicological
chemistry.
Task: Learning about toxic synthetic and natural substances of
inorganic and organic character which present risks in human
environmental and working areas. Familiarisation with the chemistry
mechanisms of their actions in organisms, transformations in the
environment and evaluations of toxicology and risk. Through
exercises the student is learning concrete analyses of the quantity of
pollutants in living and working environments, human bodily fluids,
quantification of toxicity and the availability of toxic substances
B305 Basic Physiology
3 hours per week in VI semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry
– Biochemistry
General overview of basic principles of physiological systems
organization. Nerve - nerve cells; excitation-conduction; Skeletal
Muscle – morphology; electrical phenomena and ionic fluxes;
contractile responses; energy sources and metabolism. Cardiac
Muscle, Smooth Muscle. Synaptic transmission. Neuromuscular
transmission - neuromuscular junction. Receptors – properties;
mechanism of transduction; electrical and ionic events; ionic basis of
excitation, “coding” of sensory information. Functional organization
of nervous system. Circulation; Heart as a pump and electrical
activity of the heart; dynamics of blood and lymph flow. Respiration.
Gastrointestinal function, Renal function and micturition; regulation
of extracelular fluid composition and volume. General plan and
principles of endocrine system physiology. Integration of neural and
endocrine regulation in effective maintenance of homeostasis
PROGRAMMES OF MAIN COURSES III
Chemistry of pharmaceutical
products
IB301
3 hours per week in V semester. Optional for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Reagents for large-scale operation. Drug resistance. Antibacterial
agents which impair protein synthesis (Antisense therapy, Synthesis
of Gougerotin). Antibacterial agents which act against cell
metabolism (Mechanism of action and applications of
sulphonamides). Drug acting on DNA. Quinolones as antibacterial
DNA gyrase inhibitors (Synthesis and pharmacological effects of
norfloxacin) Calcium channel blockers in the treatment of angina and
hypertension (Synthesis and clinical effects of nifedipine). Some
water-soluble vitamins (Thiamine, folic acid and vitamin H).
Modulation of central serotonin in the treatment of depression
(Synthesis of fluoxetine). Blockers of the histamine-1,-2 receptors
(Synthesis of terfenadine and ranitidin ).Structure determination by
NMR techniques.
IH404 Organic
synthesis- synthesis of
biological active compounds
2 hours per week in V semester. Optional for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry
Synthesis androstane and estrane derivatives as therapeutic agents.
Antiandrogens and antiestrogens in treatment of hormone-dependent
diseases (carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia). Nonsteroid
compounds as antineoplastic agents.Synthesis and pharmacology of
bile acids and their derivatives.Progestins and corticosteroids
,synthesis and application in biomedicine. Strategies for synthesis
and design of beta-lactam antibiotics, antidepressants,antidiabetic
agents,antihypertensive drugs,anti-ulcer agents,nucleoside analogues
which inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase and other chosen drugs.
IB302
Mechanisms of enzymes reactions
Optional for BSc in Chemistry – Biochemistry
Study of the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis of
organic reactions, emphasizing the transformation of
substrates to products rather than focusing on protein
chemistry. Major reaction types considered include
hydrolases, group transfer reactions, coenzymecatalyzed reactions, biological redox reactions,
eliminations, racemizations, and aldol cleavage
reactions. Specific examples of enzyme mechanisms will
be used to demonstrate how chemical principles are
employed by living organisms Considers the regulation
of enzymatic activity and the validity of current
techniques of investigating enzyme catalysis.
IH419 Bioanalytical chemistry
Optional for BSc in Chemistry – Biochemistry
Specifities of sampling of biological materials and their preparation
for analysis. Measuring in vivo. Sensors. Important methods in
bioanalysis. Important analysis of characteristic biological materials
(body liquids, genetically modified materials, food etc.)
determinations of toxic persistent pollutants, mycotoxines, antibiotics
and hormones)
IH201 Seminar – information
Optional for BSc in Chemistry – Biochemistry
in chemystry
Conventional (paper) and electronic form of information. Local and
remote searching of Databases. Methods of attachment to world
Databases (Internet and leased directional Networks). Primary,
secondary and tertiary literature. Literature Database (DIALOG, ISI
Web of Knowledge, SciFinder, Scirus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink
etc.). Searching of Library. Searching of world offer of equipment,
components and chemicals. Approach to world offer of problems
solutions.
PROGRAMMES OF MAIN COURSES
B4O1 Medicinal chemistry
3 hours per week in VII semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry
– Biochemistry
An Introduction to Drug Discovery and their Action. Isosteric
Replacement vs. Rational Drug Design. Stereochemistry and Drug
design. The SAR and QSAR Approaches to Drug Design. Computer
Aided Drug Design. An Introduction to Lead and Analogue
Synthesis: Asymmetry in Synthesis; Designing Organic Syntheses
(Disconnection Approach; The Concept of Chiral Templates);
Combinatorial Chemistry. Selected Examples of Drug Action at
some Common Target Areas: Drugs that Disrupt Cell Membranes
and Walls; Design of Enzyme Inhibitors; Drugs that Target
Receptors; Drugs that Target Nucleic Acids; Antiviral Drugs.
B4O2 Clinical biochemistry
4 hours per week in VII semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry
– Biochemistry)
Introduction to laboratory testing. Techniques and instrumentations.
Specimens and interpreting laboratory data. Carbohydrate
metabolism. Disorders of carbohydrate and proteins and amino acids
metabolism. Proteins in plasma and urine. Plasma enzymes in
diagnosis. Disorders of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Vitamins.
Acid-base balance. Electrolytes and fluid balance. Renal function
tests. Urinalysis. Liver and gastrointestinal tract function tests.
Disorders of iron and porphyrin metabolism. Laboratory diagnosis of
endocrine disorders. Clinical biochemistry in pediatrics and
geriatrics. Drug monitoring. Tumor markers. Clinical microbiology,
serologic tests.
B403
Biochemistry of medicinal plants
3 hours per week in VIII semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry)
Medicinal plants as a sources of biologically and pharmacologically active
compounds. Physiological and ecological role of secondary products
in plants. Chemical characterization, biosynthesis and distribution of
the main classes of pharmacologically active compounds: alkaloids,
terpenoids, phenolic compounds etc. Pharmacological activities,
mechanisms of action and application of natural drugs and their
constituents. Modern phytotherapy, adventage and risk.
O303
IV
Chemistry of natural products
3 hours per week in VII semester. Compulsory for BSc in Chemistry
– Biochemistry)
Secondary metabolism: The building blocks and construction
mechanisms. Structural modifications: C-alkylation reactions.
Phenolic oxidative coupling: Griseofulvin, lignans and lignin. The
shikimate pathway: aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids.
Flavonoids, anthocyanes and antibiotics Vitamin E, Vitamin K,
Vitamin D3 and D2, Vitamin A.
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Terpenoids (monoterpenes,
sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes and tetraterpenes. Steroids
(Stereochemistry). Biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Steroidal saponins and cardioactive glycosides, bile acids.
Hormones: corticosteroids, progestogens, oestrogens and androgens.
Alkaloids: tropane alkaloids, cinchona alkaloids, ephedra alkaloids,
steroidal alkaloids, opium alkaloids, piperidine alkaloids and
nicotine.
B4O4 Bioorganic chemistry
3 hours per week in VIII semester. Compulsory for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry.
Introduction to Bioorganic Chemistry: Basic Considerations;
Proximity Effects in Organic Chemistry; Molecular Adaptation.
Molecular Recognition and Supramolecular Chemistry: Cationbinding Hosts (Rebeck clefts, crown ethers, lariat ethers and
podands, cryptands, calixarenes). Binding of Anions: Biological
Anion Receptors; Concepts in Anion Host Design. Binding of
Neutral molecules. Supramolecular Devices. Biological Mimics:
Cyclodextrines and Functionalized Cyclodextrines as Enzyme
Mimics. Bioorganic Chemistry of Amino Acids and Polypeptides:
Asymmetric Synthesis of Amino Acids; Chemistry of the Peptide
Bond. Solution and Solid-phase Synthesis of Peptides and
Peptidomimetics. Synthesis of nucleosides and analogues
PROGRAMMES OF MAIN COURSES
IB 402 Foodstuff analyses
2 hours per week in VII semester. Optional in Chemistry
– Biochemistry)
Quality and legislation regulations in the production,
conserving and storage of food products. The most
important quality assurance standards. Sampling.
Testing of materials. Standard chemical analyses. The
most important instrumental methods. Microbiological
testing. Determination of main constituents of food
(water, mineral assay, carbohydrate, proteins and
aminoacids, fats and vitamins). Analyses of additives.
Determination of toxic substances in food. Analyses of
nutraceuticals. Quality control of main products of food
industry. Analyses of alcoholic and nonalcoholic
beverages.
IB404 Introduction to immunology
3 hours per week in VIII semester. Optional for BSc in
Chemistry –Biochemistry)
General properties of immune responses. Cells and
tissues of the immune system.
Recognition of antigens. Antibodies and antigens. The
major histocompatibility complex.
Antigen processing and presentation to T lymphocytes.
Antigen receptors and accessory molecules of T
lymphocytes. Effector mechanisms of immune
responses. Cytokines. Innate immunity. Effector
mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity. Effector
mechanisms of humoral immunity. Transplantation
immunology. Immunity to tumors. Diseases caused by
immune responses: hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
Immediate hypersensitivity. Congenital and acquired
immunodeficiencies.
IV
IB 405 Ecological Biochemistry
3 hours per week in VIII semester. Optional for BSc in
Chemistry – Biochemistry)
IB406 Free radicals biochemistry
3 hours per week in VIII semester. Optional for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry)
Biologically active derivatives of
monosaharides
IB407
3 hours per week in VIII semester. Optionalfor BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry)
Biochemistry of food and
nutritional
IB 4O8
3 hours per week in VII semester. Optional for BSc in Chemistry –
Biochemistry)
Nutrition, general considerations. Energy content of
foods. Energy balance. Macronutrients (carbohydrates,
fats, proteins, macrominerals, water). Essential fatty
acids and essential amino acids. Micronutrients
(vitamins and trace minerals). Deficiency and toxicity
disorders. Antioxidants and other dietary substances.
Dietary supplements. Appraisal of nutritional status.
Daily food guide pyramid. Diet-related disease. Eating
disorders. Malnutrition. Functional foods and
nutraceuticals. Probiotics and prebiotics. Food additives.
Biotechnology in food production. Genetically modified
food. Toxicants and contaminants in food. Nutrient –
drug interactions.