Transcript Slide 1

The Growth of Targeted Youth
Crime Prevention
Bob Ashford
Head of Youth Justice Strategy
Youth Justice Board for England
and Wales
Overview
● The Role of the Youth Justice Board
● The Research Case for prevention
● YJB Prevention Programmes
● Performance Framework
● Links to new Government Strategies - the Youth
Crime Action Plan
Youth justice reforms
● Crime and Disorder Act 1998
● New local and national structures
● Reformed sentencing framework
● Reforms to secure facilities
● Cutting delays
● Focus on prevention and early intervention
● New culture
National structure
Youth Justice Board
● Independent non-departmental government body
● Advise on operation of the system and content of national standards
● monitor performance
● Identify effective practice
● Commission and purchase secure places – the purchaser-provider
divide
Local structure
Youth Offending Teams
● Multi-agency - police, probation, health, education and social
services
● Links to other statutory and community agencies
● Multi-agency steering group
● Local funding with additional YJB grants
● Responsible for provision of youth justice services and local youth
justice plans
Prevention: where have we
come from?
Audit Commission report 1996
“ efforts to prevent offending and other anti-social behaviour by young
people need to be coordinated between the different agencies
involved; they should also be targeted on deprived areas with high
crime rates, and piloted and evaluated”
Where have we come from?
Crime and Disorder Act 1998
Principal Aim
To prevent offending by children and young people
YJB Statutory Duty
To Promote Effective Practice
YJB Strategy
●Targeted services
●Early identification of risk factors
●Intervention at pre-delinquency stage
●Concentrate on high/medium-risk group
●Whole family approach
●Neighbourhood and Community engagement
Risk Factors
●
●
Family
 Poor parental supervision and
discipline
 Conflict
 History of criminal activity
 Parental attitudes that condone
antisocial and criminal behaviour
 Low income
 Poor Housing
Personal
 Hyperactivity and impulsivity
 Low intelligence and cognitive
impairment
 Alienation and lack of social
commitment
 Attitudes that condone offending
and drug misuse
 Friendship with peers involved in
crime and drug misuse
●School
 Aggressive behaviour (including
bullying)
 Lack of commitment (including
truancy)
 School disorganisation
●Community
 Living in a disorganised
neighbourhood
 Disorganisation and neglect
 Availability of drugs
 High population turnover and lack of
neighbourhood attachment
Protective Factors
●
Individual
 Female gender
 Resilient temperament
 Sense of self efficacy
 Positive, outgoing disposition
 High intelligence
●
Social Bonding
 Stable, warm, affectionate
relationship with one or both
parents
 Link with teachers and with other
adults and peers who hold positive
attitudes, and ‘model’ positive
social behaviour
●Healthy Standards
 Prevailing attitudes across a
community
 Views of parents
 Promotion of healthy standards
within school
 Opportunities for involvement,
social and reasoning skills,
recognition and due praise
From: Anderson B., Beinhart P.,
Farrington D., Longman J., Sturgis P.
and Utting, D. (2001). Risk & Protective
Factors associated with Youth crime
and Effective Interventions to Prevent
it. YJB Research Note. November.
The Menu: YIP
Neighbourhood-Based Youth
Crime Prevention
Targeting
Geographical
Core Group (50)
Multi-Agency Nomination
Identification Community
Self, Parent/Carer
Age Range
13 – 17th Birthday (Senior)
8 – 13th Birthday (Junior)
Advocacy
Activities Mentoring
Sport, Outdoor, Issue-Based
Assessment ONSET
Duration Up to 1-2 years
73% of young offenders
were arrested for fewer
offences after engaging with
the YIP – MHB Evaluation
2003
The Menu: YISP
Partnership Planning
Targeting
Identification
Geographical (Can be
County-Wide)
Multi-Agency Referral
Parent/Carer Self-Referral
Age Range 8 – 14 (In Some Cases 17)
Key Work
Activities Individual Support Plan
Panel
Assessment ONSET
Duration 3 – 6 Months
The Menu: Parenting
Prevention Additions
Targeting
Identification
Assessment-Based
Multi-Agency Referral
Prevention Programmes
Age Range 8 – 18th Birthday
Individual Programmes
Activities Group Work
Whole Family Interventions
Assessment Asset, Onset, Bespoke
Duration Needs-Led
Voluntary Parenting
Modality Contracts
Parenting Orders
Between 2004 and 2006, the
number of parenting
interventions through YOTs
doubled to 11,000. Audits
showed improvements in
quality and 95% of parents
were satisfied with the
interventions.
Programme Methodology
Multi-Agency
Identification
Engagement
Universal Provision
Exit Strategy
Assessment
Planning
Review
Programme
Delivery
Youth Crime Prevention – Major Government
Investment Streams Since 1999-2000
●YJB prevention programmes - £100m
since 1999-2000
 Multiple funding streams to
YOTs and Third Sector
●Children’s Fund: £150m since 2003
●(PAYP: £160m since 2003)
Total = £410m
By comparison:
●YJB custody spend since 99-00 =
£1.7bn
Targeted Prevention
Secure Estate
Youth Crime Prevention – 2005 On: Major New
Unified Funding Stream
Category
Parenting
SR04
YIP and
YISP SR04*
Budget 05
Total
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
£0
£2,000,000
2,000,000
£4,000,000
£3,000,000
£0
£3,000,000
£5,000,000
£10,000,000
£17,000,000
8,000,000
£15,000,000
£25,000,000
£16,000,000
£25,000,000
£45,000,000
Programme Expansion to:
YIP:
114 projects
YISP:
220 panels
Parenting:
84 programmes
SSP*:
3 partnerships
ISO:
6 schemes
Innovative:
39 initiatives
*Overall there are over 450 SSPs in England.
Total
2006-07 partnership funding
estimated at over £27m.
Programmes expected to engage at
least 50,000 young people between
2006 and 2008
Failure to prevent future crime is costly to the taxpayer given
the expense of correctional services
Preventative measures have been shown to be much
more cost effective than later interventions but public
funds are devoted primarily to the detection and
punishment of crime
Number of crimes
Over 4 yrs
Over 9 yrs
Youth interventions
11
19.4
Parenting programmes
6.7
11
Situational
1.7
2.2
Drug treatment
1.1
1.3
Community
1.4
2.3
1
1.9
Hot spot policing
1.7
1.9
High visibility patrol
0.4
0.4
Costs by age 27 to public services
of not intervening
£70,019
prevented per £1000
spent
Prevention
Reducing Reoffending
Custody
Policing
£7,423
No behaviour
problems
Conduct Disorder at
age 10
• The value to diverting an individual from offending is
on average £172,000 (NPV)
• Crime and ASB also cost public services
proportionally a great deal. A recent study found
they accounted for 64% of the £70,000 cost of
public services used by a cohort of socially
excluded children with conduct disorder over 18
years
Crime Reduction Review, Home Office 2004; Scott, S. (2001) Cost of social exclusion: Antisocial children grow up
Audit Commission 2004
“ targeted and well-managed early intervention programmes can
be effective if they are properly co-ordinated both nationally
and locally, such as those managed by Yots”
“ better still, mainstream agencies, such as schools and health
services, should take full responsibility for preventing
offending by young people”
The Youth Crime Action Plan
● Youth disorder continues to be of growing concern to the public,
fuelled in part by high profile
● Gang and gun crime.
● MORI– around 25% of young people have been victims of crime.
● Need to join up services to young people
● The Youth Crime Action Plan is being developed trilaterally by the
Home Office, DCSF and MoJ, with other partners including ACPO
and the YJB.
● It will culminate in two publications next year – the Action Plan to set
the strategic direction and outline the policy reform necessary to
achieve our aims, and a Practitioners’ Toolkit to help drive change
on the ground
We are developing policy across two main themes, with two cross-cutting issues
Preventing first time entrants to the Criminal
Justice
System
Dealing more effectively with
offending
Serious Violence
Victimisation
Prevention Overview
● Strong Research Base
● Strong Delivery Base
● Links to wider governmental agendas