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ICU Endocrine Emergencies
Bradley J. Phillips, MD
Burn-Trauma-ICU
Adults & Pediatrics
ICU - Endocrine Disorders
Glucose metabolism
Thyroid dysfunction
Adrenal disorders
Pituitary disorder
Unusual
– Carcinoid crisis
– Hyperparathyroidism
ICU - Glucose Metabolism
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome
Diabetes in the ICU
Diagnosis
– Fasting glucose > 126
– Random glucose > 200 x 2
Complications
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Diuresis and dehydration
Acidosis
Hyponatremia
Hypocalcemia
Immune dysfunction
DKA
Presentation
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Anorexia, nausea, emesis, polyuria
Kussmaul breathing
“Fruity” breath
Deterioration mental status
Hypotension
Progressive acidosis
Chest and/or abdominal pain
DKA
Occurs in absence or near-absence of insulin
NIDDM (type 2) at risk during catabolic stress
More common in adults than children
– 40% over 40
– 20% over 55
Infectious cause most common
Mortality
– 5-10%
– Increases with age ( > 65 = 20-40%)
DKA
Tests
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Hyperglycemia (> 250)
Ketonemia (ß-hydroxybutyrate)
Glycosuria and ketonuria
Acidosis (pH < 7.3) with anion gap
Low serum bicarbonate (< 15)
Moderate hyperosmolality
DKA - Associated Abnormalities
Sodium
– variable
– fall by 1.6 for every 100 increase in glucose
– falsely low with hypertriglyceridemia
Chloride
– hyper in ketoacidosis
– hypo associated with severe emesis
Potassium
– high with acidosis
– at high risk for severe hypokalemia
DKA
Management
– Fluid resuscitation
Normal saline 500-1000 cc/hr with bolus of 1L
If UOP good and NA > 140, slow IVF and change to
.45 NS
Add D5 once BS < 300
– Insulin
0.4u/kg with 1/2 IV and 1/2 SQ
IV qtt or hourly IV injections
continue until ketones in urine resolved
change to SQ once BS< 200, pH > 7.3, Bicarb > 18
DKA
Management
– Potassium
K< 3.5 add 40 meq/l
K > 3.5 and < 5.5 20 meq/l
check q 2 hrs
– Replete hypophosphatemia
– Give bicarbonate if pH < 7.1
– Treat underlying cause
DKA
Complications
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Hypotension and shock
Thrombosis
Cerebral edema
Renal failure
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar
Syndrome
Present with severe hydration without ketosis
and acidosis
Glucose > 1000
Coma, seizures, tremors, hemiplegia
Causes
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infection
MI
hemorrhage and trauma
burns
Treat the same as DKA
ICU - Thyroid Dysfunction
Hypothyroidism
Myxedema coma
Thyrotoxicosis
– Thyrotoxic crisis
Hypothyroidism
cold intolerance
hypothermia
apathy
depressed mental
status
weight gain
alopecia
dry coarse skin
arthralgia and myalgia
hoarseness
enlarged tongue
goiter
periorbital edema
hyponatremia
hypoventilation
hypotension
cardiac dysfunction
bradycardia
pericardial effusion
Myxedema Coma
Acute exacerbation of hypothyroidism
Highly lethal = 50%
Precipitating factors
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CVA
CHF
drugs (narcotics, diuretics, sedative)
surgery/trauma
GI hemorrhage
bowel obstruction
hypoadrenalism
Myxedema coma
Non-pitting edema “doughy”
Severe sensorial depression
Airway obstruction
Respiratory muscle weakness
Severe hypoventilation
Thyrotoxicosis
Etiology
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Graves
toxic goiter
thyroiditis
drugs
amiodarone
iodine
thyroxine (particularly IV)
– Pituitary adenoma
– Molar pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyroid crisis / “storm”
– life-threatening 10-20% mortality
– precipitation factors
Infection
Thyroid manipulation (operation, palpation)
Metabolic disorders (DKA)
Trauma
MI
PE
Pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis Vs “Storm”
Neuro
– emotional lability
– tremors
– weakness
CV
– tachycardia
– systolic HTN
– afib
– delirium
– seizures
– coma
GI
– diarrhea
CV
– CHF
– arrhythmias
Thermo
– fevers
Thermo
– heat intolerance
Neuro
GI
– emesis
– diarrhea
– jaundice
Thyroid - Diagnostic Tests
TSH
Free T4 ( or FTI)
T3 –RIA (Radioimmune Assay)
Thyrotoxicosis Differential
Diagnosis
Check free T4
– if high, r/o euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia
etiology
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high TBG (pregnancy, estrogen)
acute illness
liver disease
drug-induced (amiodarone, heparin, narcotics, antipsychotics)
differeriate with history/clinical exa,
– If low, check T3 to r/o T3 toxicosis
Radioactive iodine uptake test
Therapy - Hyperthyroidism
Uncomplicated hyperthyroidism
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outpatient
methimazole or PTU
B-blockers for adrenergic
+/- I31 ablation
Severe hyperthyroidism
– possible hospitalization
restricted activity
compliance with medications
education
Management of Thyroid “Storm”
Always ICU management
Supportive
– Fever reduction
decreases metabolic rate
decreases percentage of free T4
tylenol avoid salicylates (alters protein binding)
– Aggressive fluid resuscitation
large losses from sweating, emesis, diarrhea
replete glucose and vitamins
? Hemodynamic monitoring
– rate control - first line digoxin
– avoid B-Blockers
Management of Thyroid “Storm”
Pharmacologic control
– Antithyroid drugs
methimazole or PTU
give po/NGT/rectally
– Inhibit release of T4 and T3
SSKI or Lugol’s solution
initial of dose of antithyroid drug must be given
consider lithium
Management of Thyroid “Storm”
Pharmacologic control
– Inhibit conversion of T4 to T3
consider steroids or PTU
ipodate sodium (Oragrafin) highly effective
caution long-term use (“escape”
– Reduction of hyperadrenergic state
propranolol (historical)
cautious of B-blockers in CHF
– Removal of T4
plasmaphresis or hemoperfusion
emergent thyroidectomy
ICU Complications of
Hyperthyroidism
Atrial arrthythmias
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most convert within 3 weeks of euthyroidism
never after 4 months
no prospective study on anticoagulation
CVA age-dependent not atrial fib -dependent
CHF
Malnutrition/dehydration
Metabolic failure
Drug metabolism
Therapy - Hypothyroidism
Uncomplicated
– outpatient treatment
– full dose 1.7 ug/kg
– age dependent
young 50-100 ug/d
old 12.5 to 25 ug/d
– check TSH at 4-6 weeks
– change doses 12.5 to 25 ug increments
Therapy - Hypothyroidism
Profound or myxedema coma
– endocrine emergency
– supportive care
correct hypothermia
blood volume restoration
monitor electrolytes (free water clearance impaired)
glucose replacement
check for drug toxicity (digoxin etc)
– r/o underlying infection
Therapy - Hypothyroidism
Thyroxine replacement
– loading dose 300-500 uq IV
no CV complications in critically ill
? Higher mortality in high T3 toxicosis
– maintenance 50-100 ug/d
Hypothyroidism in Surgical
Patients
Historical complications peri-op more common
Recent studies
– mild-moderate - little influence
– no increased cardiopulmonary difficulties, wound
healing impairment, or infections
Critically ill
– ? respiratory dysfunction and vent weaning
– T4 and T3 reduced, TSH high/low/normal
– Controlled studies of T4/T3 administration
no benefit overall in trauma, burns
? Benefit in organ transplantation
Adrenal disorders
Adrenal insufficiency
Pheochromocytoma and “ crisis”
Aldosterone deficiency
Adrenal Insufficiency
Incidence
– General population 40-60/million
– ICU
1-20%
SICU
0.66%
– SICU trauma
– SICU nontrauma
0.23%
0.98%
SICU
– > 14 days
– age > 55
– > 14 days and age > 55
– Blunt adrenal injury 5%
6%
1.7%
11%
Risk Factors - AI
Age > 55
Malnutrition
Prolonged hospital or ICU stay
Chronic alcoholism
High APACHE score
Stress in form of trauma, surgery, infection,
and dehydration
Presentation of AI
Non-ICU
– insidious
– nonspecific (weakness, wt loss, lethargy, GI
symptoms)
ICU
– acute adrenal crisis
– altered by co-existing disease
– usually precipitated by physical stressor
(trauma, surgery, infection, dehydration)
– other causes AIDS, TB, or pituitary tumor
ICU Clinical Presentation
Refractory hypotension
High-output circulatory failure
– CI > 4
– tachycardia
– low SVR with normal wedge
Electrolytes disturbances
– high K , low Na, and low glucose
Febrile (> 39C)
Mental status changes
Dehydration
GI disturbances
“Clues” to AI
History
– other endocrine abnormalities
– family h/o endocrine abnormalities
Eosinophilia
AI Differential Diagnosis
Sepsis
Neurogenic shock
Overdose of vasodilator
Severe anemia
AV shunt
Thyrotoxicosis
Beriberi
Pregnancy
Adrenal Insufficiency - AI
Primary
Central
Relative
Adrenal Insufficiency - AI
Primary
– autoimmune, infection, hemorrhage(bilateral),
medications (ketaconazole, etc), metastatic
carcinoma, lymphoma
Central
– long-standing steroid use
Relative
– increased degradation
– resistance
– increased demand
Primary AI
Pathological process within adrenal gland
– 90% o f gland destruction
Etiology
– Autoimmune - 65-80%
– Infectious - 35%
– Hemorrhagic
Risk factors (Rao et al , Ann Intern Med, 1989)
– coagulopathy
– thromboembolic disease
– postoperative state
Central AI
Central dysfunction
– pituitary (secondary)
– hypothalamus (teritary)
Etiology
– long-term glucocorticoid therapy
– uncommon
post-partum pituitary necrosis (Sheehan’s syndrome)
transient ACTH deficiency (alcoholics)
pituitary radiation
empty sella syndrome
Steroid and Potency
Glucocorticoid vs Mineralocorticoid
Steroid
Hydrocortisone
Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Aldosterone
Fludrocortisone
Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid
1
4
40
0.1
10
1
0.7
2
400
400
Potential for HPA Suppression
Higher risk for suppression
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higher glucocorticoid potency
short frequency of dosing
evening dosing
systemic therapy
duration > 1 week
Relative AI
Relative
– increased degradation of glucocorticoids
drugs that activate hepatic metabolism
treatment of hypothyroidism
– resistance to glucocorticoid activity
AIDS
– increased demand (stress response)
numerous ICU studies
HPA Axis Assessment - Tests
H-P Axis and Adrenal
– Low-dose ACTH stimulation (1 ug)
Adrenal only
– Short ACTH stimulation test (250 ug)
H -P Axis only
– Insulin-induced hypoglycemia test
– Metyrapone
– CRH stimulation
Laboratory Assessment
Random cortisol level
– draw before steroids given
– draw between 6-8 am
– decadron generally consider not cross-reactive
– positive if < 10 in normal or < 15 in critically ill
– 10-20 indeterminant
Cosyntropin testing
Corticotropin-releasing hormone test (CRH)
Plasma renin and aldosterone measurements
Cosyntropin stimulation test
Standard short
– baseline cortisol level
– 0.25 mg cosyntropin with level 60 minutes later
– peak > 20 or rise of 7 in critically ill
Low-dose short ( more sensitive for central)
– more accurate and physiologic
– same as standard but only 1 ug dose
Long
– differentiation of primary vs central
– replaced by ACTH measurement
HPA Axis Assessment - Test
Summary
Treatment
Hemodynamically unstable
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Baseline cortisol
Treat with Hydrocortisone 100 IV bolus and q8
+/- cosyntropin testing
Isotonic IVF with D5
treat underlying disease or precipitating factors
Hemodynamically stable
– same as above
– cosyntropin testing
Treatment - Steroids
Hydrocortisone
– provides glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid
– physiological doses
max 300 mg/day
– normal daily adrenal output
AM 25 mg /PM 12..5 mg
Dexamethasone
– not cross-reactive with cortisol assays
– no mineralocorticoid activity
– useful while diagnostic testing being completed
Fludrocortisone (Florinef)
– uncommonly required for mineralocorticoid activity
Outcome
Untreated = 100% mortality
Treated in critically ill = 50% mortality
Cortisol level
– positively correlated to severity of illness
– negatively correlated to survival
ICU Endocrine Emergencies
Questions…?
Bradley J. Phillips, MD
Burn-ICU
SBH-UTMB