Transcript Chapter IV - History of Law Enforcement

Chapter 6
Police
Management
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Styles of Policing
• watchman style
• legalistic style
• service style
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Styles of Policing
Watchman Style:
• order maintenance
• controlling illegal and
disruptive behavior
• considerable use of
discretion
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Styles of Policing
Legalistic Style:
• committed to enforcing
the letter of the law
• “laissez-faire” policing
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Styles of Policing
Service Style:
• reflect the needs of
the community
• work with social services
and assist communities
in solving problems
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Police-Community Relations
• 1960’s – A new style of
service oriented
policing emerged.
• Public-relations
officers are appointed to
“Neighborhood Watch”
programs, drug-awareness
workshops, etc.
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Police-Community Relations
• strategic policing
• problem-solving policing
• community-oriented
policing
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Contemporary Policing
The Individual Officer
Considerable discretion based on
many factors including:
• background of the officer
• characteristics of the suspect
• department policy
• community interest
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Contemporary Policing
Issues and Challenges
• police stress
• on the job dangers
• use of deadly force
• public expectations surrounding
the enforcement of laws
• societal change
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Police Personality
Jerome Skolnick
Justice without Trial (1966)
Process of informal socialization
that includes six recognizable
characteristics:
•conservative •authoritarian
•suspicious
•cynical
•individualistic
•hostile
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Police Culture
William Westly (1953)
Police have their
own:
• customs
• laws
• morality
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Working Personality
All aspects of the
traditional values and patterns
of behavior evidenced by police
officers who have been
effectively socialized into the
police subculture.
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Working Personality
Characteristics of
the police
personality often extend
to the personal lives of
law enforcement officers.
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Corruption and Integrity
Power, authority, and
discretion
produce great
potential for
abuse.
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Corruption and Integrity
Corruption is the abuse
of police authority for
personal or
organizational
gain.
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Corruption
Grass Eaters:
• most common form of corruption
• illegitimate activity which occurs
from time to time in the normal
course of police work
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Grass Eaters
Gratuities
Playing Favorites
not giving a friend a ticket
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Grass Eaters
Intentional Speeding
Minor Bribes
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Corruption
Meat Eaters:
• more serious form of
corruption
• active seeking of illicit moneymaking opportunities by
officers
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Meat Eaters
Role
Malfeasance
Major Bribes
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Meat Eaters
• protecting “corrupt” cops
• property crimes committed by
police
• burglary
• theft
• criminal enterprises
• resale of confiscated drugs
• resale of stolen property
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Meat Eaters
• denying civil rights
• specific acts prevent due
process
• violent crimes committed by
police
• physical abuse of suspects
• nonjustifiable homicide
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Integrity
Promoting police integrity by:
• integrating police ethics
training into programs
• conducting research in the
area of ethics
• studying departments that are
models in the area of police
ethics
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Drug Testing of Police Employees
National Institute of Justice - 1986
• 33 large police departments were
sampled.
• Almost all departments had
written procedures to test
employees who were
reasonably suspected
of drug abuse.
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Drug Testing of Police Employees
• 73 % of the departments were
testing recruits.
• 21 % were considering testing
all officers.
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Dangers in Police Work
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Risk of Disease
• AIDS
• Hepatitis B
• Tuberculosis
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Risk of Disease
Possible Ways of Transmission
• from breath alcohol instruments
• handling evidence of all types
• handling implements such as
staples
• emergency delivery of a baby
• risk of bite attacks by infected
individuals
• body removal
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Stress
• normal component
of police work
• ranks among top ten stress
producing jobs in United
States
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Stress
Serious stress
over long periods
can be
destructive and
life threatening.
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Stress
Four Types
• external
• organizational
• personal
• operational
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Stress: External
Real dangers when
answering calls:
•
•
•
•
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fights in progress
possible gun play
hostage situations
high speed car
chases
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Stress: Organizational
generated by factors
like paperwork,
training requirements,
and testifying
in court
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Stress: Personal
interpersonal
relationships
among
officers
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Stress: Operational
impact of the
need to combat
tragedies
of daily urban
life
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Stress/Frustration
• Reality is far
from ideal.
• An arrest may
not lead to
conviction.
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Stress/Frustration
• Evidence may not be
admissible.
• Jury may acquit.
• Sentences may not
be long enough.
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Stress/Frustration
Police become
frustrated by
the inability to
be effective,
regardless of the amount
of personal effort they
put forth.
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Stress/Frustration
The suicide rate for
police officers is twice
that of the
general
population.
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1983 Lawsuits
Title 42, Section 1983
• passed by Congress in 1871
• allows for civil suits to be
brought against anyone
[including police] for denying
others their constitutional
rights to life, liberty or
property without due process
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Police Use of Force
use of physical restraint
by a police officer
when dealing
with a member
of the public
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Imminent Danger Standard
restricts the use of deadly
force to ONLY those
situations where the lives
of agents or others are in
danger
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