Transcript Antacids and Analgesics

D3 Analgesics
By Cameron Precord and Quin Peek
And edited by Ms. Smith
Pain
 Pain-described as “an unpleasant sensory and
emotional experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage
 Pain receptors-free nerve endings located in
various tissues that respond to thermal,
mechanical or chemical stimuli
 When stimulated, these pain receptors generate
an impulse
 Pain results from interaction between more than
one impulse arriving at the spinal cord and
brain
 When tissue is damaged, it releases chemicals
known as prostaglandins and leukotrienes
 These sensitized receptors react to even slight
stimuli, causing pain ( an injury being tender)
 Different people feel pain differently
Analgesics are drugs that
relive pain without causing a
loss of consciousness.
Two Types of Analgesics
 MILD ANALGESICS
 relieve “mild” pain and often fever
 non-addictive
 Examples include
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Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Phenacetin
Ibuprofen
NSAIDS (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
 STRONG ANALGESICS (OPIATES)
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relieve severe pain
controlled substances
addictive
Examples include
 Morphine
 Heroin
 Codeine
Aspirin – MILD ANALGESIC
– a derivative of Salicylic Acid
 Used in four different ways:
 Mild analgesic for minor aches and pains, to
relieve headaches, sunburn and arthritic pain
 anti-pyretic to mitigate fever
 anti-inflammatory agent (reducing swelling)
 anti-platelet agent (decrease/prevent blood
clotting)
Disadvantages of Using Aspirin
 acidic; cause upset stomach, internal bleeding,
ulcers
 When taken with alcohol may produce
gastrointestinal bleeding
 .5% of people are allergic to aspirin
 develop skin rashes, respiratory issues, and may go into
shock
 frequent causes of poisoning among infants
 May lead to REYES Syndrome a potentially fatal
liver and brain disorder which may result in brain
damage, coma, death
Alternatives to Aspirin
 Phenacetin
 Acetaminophen
 Metabolic byproduct of phenacetic
 AKA
 Tylenol
 Known as paracetamol in some countries
 Properties - Advantages
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Anti-pyretic
Mild analgesic
Does NOT upset stomach
does NOT cause internal bleeding
 Properties - Disdvantages
 Not anti-inflammatory
 Side effects include blood disorders… damage to
kidnes…
 Not safe to take with alcohol
 Overdose can cause liver damage, brain damage,
coma, death
Strong Analgesics
aka Opiates or Narcotics
 Opiate = any natural or synthetic drugs that produces
morphine-like characteristics
 Narcotic = drug that has both sedative and analgesic
action
 Examples include
 Morphine – natural – opium poppy plant
 Heroin - semi-sythetic
 Codeine – natural – opium poppy plant
 Structures are similar… but…
 Heroin has the two OH groups in morphine replaced with ester
groups.
 Codeine replaces one OH group of Morphine with a OCH3 group.
Strong Analgesics
Heroin is most potent, then morphine, then codeine
Advantages of Strong Analgesics
 Opiates impact
 Central nervous system
 Pain relief due to injury, surgery, chronic disease (cancer)
 Relieves coughing by relaxing the ‘cough center’ in the brain
stem.
 Digestive system
 Produces a Constipating Effect – used for diarrhoea
 Impact Psychological state
 Relief from physical, emotional, and
psychological pain.
Disadvantages of Strong Analgesics
 Impact physical state
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Constipation
Nausea
Vomiting
Sedation
Can lead to tolerance and physical dependence
 Psychological state
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Mood changes
metal clouding
Anxiety
Fear
lethargy
sedation,
ack of concern
inability to concentrate
Can lead to psychological dependence
Common Short and Long Term Effects
Short
LONG
sedation / stupor
pain relief
euphoria
impaired coordination
reduced tension and
fear
 suppressed coughing
reflex
 occasional deaths
from overdose
 loss of appetite
 constipation
 risk of infections
through shared
needles
 withdrawal
 loss of job / income
 crime
 sterility
 loss of energy
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Tolerance and Dependence
Tolerance – body needs more of the
drug to have the desired impact
 Cross tolerance - Users who develop
tolerance for one opiate will begin to
tolerate all other opiates.
Physical Dependence – inability to
function normally without the drug
 users experience withdrawal
 Restlessness, sweating, fever, chills,
vomiting, increased respiration, cramping,
diarrhoea, aches, pains
Synthetic Opiates
demerol
methadone
 bocks euphoric high of heroin
 used to break addiction to
heroin
 dextromethorphan
 can replace codeine
 non-narcotic
Two Types of Anesthetics
 LOCAL ANESTHETICS
 Reversible loss of sensation (and pain) in a localized
area
 Maintain consciousness
 Examples include
 Lidocaine
 Procaine used in dentistry
 GENERALIZED ANESTHETICS
 act on the brain
 produce reversible unconsciousness and insensitivity
to pain
 Examples include
 Inhalants: Isoflurane, Desflurane; sevoflurane; Nitrous oxide
 IV : barbituates, benxodiazepines, ketamine
Practice Problems Can Be Found
on Page 434 of your Green and
Damji Book