Transcript Youth Employment Policy Cycle

Trade Union policies for decent work generation for
young workers
The youth employment policy
development process
Turin, 25 February 2015
Youth Employment
This presentation
• The policy development process;
• Analysis and problem identification;
This presentation
• Generating solutions;
• Policy formulation.
Youth Employment Programme
The policy cycle
Youth Employment Programme
Step 1: Situation analysis
The situation analysis serves to understand the nature
and extent of youth development issues at country
level. It comprises:
• The analysis of trends and issues concerning youth
development (statistical data);
• The review of past and ongoing policies and
programmes targeting youth; and
• The mapping of the institutional framework that
govern the various youth development policy
areas.
Youth Employment Programme
Step1: Labour market analysis
Main macroeconomic
indicators and poverty levels;
Overview of the economic
and social context
Analysis of key policy areas
relevant to youth employment.
Main indicators of the youth
labour market including
demographic and education
trends.
Analysis of the youth labour
market
Data on youth labour
supply
Data on youth labour
demand
Profiling youth
labour market
disadvantage
Data on youth decent
work
Target group
Youth Employment Programme
LM policies & institutions
Supply-side policies
Demand-side policies
Step1: Review of policies and institutions
Macroeconomic policies (savings and
investments, fiscal, monetary, exchange
rate, trade policies)
Private sector development (agriculture,
industry, enterprise development,
cooperatives, informal economy)
Health
Education and training
Wages, labour costs, EPL
Unemployment insurance and social
assistance
Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs)
• The review of policies starts from
the analysis of national
development policies (poverty
reduction, economic
development, employment
policy) to appraise whether
youth is stated as a priority;
• The analysis then moves to the
policies that have an impact on
youth employment, with equal
attention paid to policies
affecting labour demand and
supply, as well as labour market
policies and institutions.
Youth Employment Programme
Step 1: Mapping the institutional framework
• Is there a lead ministry and/or national agency
responsible for youth development?
• What other ministries and/or central government
agencies are dealing with youth development issues?
What is the coordination mechanism across these central
institutions?
• What are the coordination mechanisms between central
and local institutions? How are policies and programmes
on youth development implemented at the local level?
• What is the role played by civil society organizations in
youth development initiatives?
• How are young people involved?
Youth Employment Programme
Step 2: Problem identification
The main steps to identify the problems to be
addressed by the policy are:
1. Listing of all problems identified in the analysis;
2. Definition of a hierarchy of problems
3. Selection of problems to be addressed
4. Analysis of cause-effect relationship of the
problems selected.
Youth Employment Programme
Step 2: Problem and objective tree
EFFECT
CAUSE
Problem tree
High early school
leaving (end of
compulsory
education)
Policy introduces one
additional year of free
education
OUTCOME
OBJECTIVE
The share of early
school leaving is
decreased
Objective tree
BASELINE
High share of young
people working in the
informal economy
Low access to lower
secondary education
of poor children
Policy provides cash
benefit to poor
households based on
school attendance
Poor children have
increased access to
lower secondary
education
Reduce informality
rate among young
workers
TARGETS
Youth Employment Programme
Step 3. Generating solutions (policy options)
• Identify and appraise the most effective policy mix to
tackle the problem(e.g. macroeconomic, sectoral and
social policies; education and health policies;
employment policies, and so on);
• Build alternative “scenarios” that anticipate the effects
of a policy option and compare them with others;
• Select policy intervention by using a set of predetermined criteria (e.g. desirability, affordability,
feasibility) and on the basis of the available policy space.
Youth Employment Programme
Step 3. Which policy options?
• The Call for Action (2012) provides a list of policy options
that may be considered under five core policy
areas (economic policies; education, training and
skills; labour market policies; entrepreneurship; and
rights);
• Economic policies: strong and sustainable
economic growth; full employment; stronger
aggregate demand and productive investment;
long-term financial sustainability; counter-cyclical
policies and demand-side interventions; promote
the transition to the formal economy.
Youth Employment Programme
Step 3. Which policy options?
• Education skills and training: quality basic education
for all; link education to the world of work (skills
mismatch); improve apprenticeship; skills strategies
to support sectoral policies; early identification of
potential dropouts; second chance initiatives;
recognition of prior learning; conditional cash
transfers; competency-based training;
• Labour market policies: strengthen active and
passive labour market policies; linkages with
minimum wage policies; integrated employment
and social service delivery; employment-intensive
investment strategies.
Youth Employment Programme
Step 3. Which policy options?
• Entrepreneurship and self-employment: recognize
the different forms of entrepreneurship (opportunity
and necessity driven); enabling environment for
business development; access to finance;
partnership with the private sector; entrepreneurship
education and training; cooperatives and social
enterprises.
• Rights: application of labour laws and collective
agreements; decent work deficits; working poverty,
low-paid work; informality; social protection;
discrimination in employment and occupation;
minimum wages, health and safety in the
workplace.
Youth Employment Programme
Tools for assessing policy options
• Regulatory impact assessment predicts the likely impact
of each policy option;
• Cost-effectiveness analysis compares the relative costs
and outcomes (effects) of two or more policy options;
• Cost-benefit analysis identifies the net monetary value of
a policy option by comparing all benefits and all costs;
• Multi-criteria analysis uses a set of agreed criteria to
measure stakeholder preferences on different policy
options.
Youth Employment Programme
Step 4. Policy formulation
1. Goal
State the goal the policy
seeks to contribute to within
broader development goals
of the country
Link goal to existing national
development frameworks
Set objectives that can be
realistically achieved within
the timeframe
2. Objectives and targets
Align them to development
policies and strategies
Identify measurable targets
for each objective
Youth Employment Programme
Step 4: Policy formulation
3. Operational outcomes and
indicators
Identify and set outcomes
that lead to tangible
changes in policy and/or
institutions within the
timeframe
For each outcome, set one or
more SMART indicators of
performance
4. Resources
Identify human, material and
financial resources for
implementing the policy
Youth Employment Programme
Step 4: Outcomes and indicators
• Outcomes derive from the policy options selected and
that are instrumental to achieve the objectives and
targets set (if all outcomes are achieved, then the
objective materializes)
• They are expressed in the form of achievable ends, are
linked to available resources (human and
financial)and their effects are measured by
quantitative and/or qualitative indicators.
• In short, outcomes are the actual effects that policy
implementation have on the target group and on
society.
Youth Employment Programme
Step 4: Resources
• If a cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analysis has been
conducted for the identification of priority policy
options, the amount of human, material and financial
resources needed to achieve the targets is already
available;
• The estimation of the resource required is best done at
the level of policy outputs (e.g. the products/services
the policy will set forth to achieve the specified
outcome).
• Estimates needs to be realistic and based on sound
projections (ministry of finance or Treasury).
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Step 4: Implementation arrangements
5. Implementation and
coordination mechanism
Identify and describe the
institutional mechanism for
effective coordination of the
implementation of the policy
national and local levels
Describe the policy
monitoring system
6. Monitoring and evaluation
Indicate monitoring activities
and methodology to capture
performance outcomes
Describe the mechanism that
will be applied to evaluate
the policy
Youth Employment Programme
Step 4. Implementation mechanism
• The institution that leads the policy formulation process is
usually the one that is responsible for coordinating the
implementation of the policy (technical secretariat);
• This institution is responsible for gathering from other line
ministries and agencies the information needed for
monitoring implementation and reporting to the
government/parliament (accountability);
• If an inter-ministerial group/committee was established to
design the youth employment policy, this becomes the
advisory body, responsible to review progress, advise on
emerging concerns and reformulate objectives and
outcomes, if necessary.
Youth Employment Programme
Step 4: Performance monitoring
The basic elements of a result-based monitoring
system
1. baseline data to describe the problem or situation
before the intervention;
2. the formulation of measurable outcome indicators;
3. data collection on outputs and how and whether
they contribute toward the achievement of
outcomes; and
4. systemic reporting with qualitative and quantitative
information on progress.
Youth Employment Programme
Some lessons from policy reviews
• Make sure there is clear understanding of the issues and what
has been done so far (X-ray of current situation, policies and
institutions);
• Need to have good statistical picture for evidence-based
policies;
•
Some lessons about NAPs
development
(1)
Prioritize problems to
be tackled to avoid overwhelming
and
unrealistic targets;
• Make sure that policy measures do not remain in paper and
that a sound monitoring and evaluation system is in place;
• Human and financial resources should be aligned to planned
action: check that required funds can be secured;
• Ensure that young people are part of process and that their
views are taken into account.
Youth Employment Programme
Contact
4, route des Morillons
CH – 1211 Geneva 22
Tel. : + 41 22 799 70 19
Fax: + 41 22 799 75 62
Email: [email protected]
Youth Employment