Transcript presentation

Science, Technology and Society
November 2000
Technological Change
and
the challenges for Regional Development:
building social capital in LFR’s
Pedro Conceição, Manuel Heitor and Robert Wilson
CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+
Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon
http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt
A fragmented regional innovation system:
an institutionally blocked regional economy
SMEs
Large
firms
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Regional
Government
Universities
Large
firms
Sectoral
Associations
SMEs
SMEs
SMEsSMEs
Regional economy
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Chamber of
Commerce
SMEs
Technology
Centers
SMEs
Business
Services
Large
firms
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Technology
Consultants
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
A learning region: An efficient regional innovation system
Open gate: International R&D/academic excellence networks
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Open gate: International technology transfer networks
SMEs
SMEs
Large firms;
Tech. Centers;
Sect. Associations
Regional
economy
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Regional
government
SMEs
SMEs
Technology
Centers
Business
services &
tech. consultants
SMEs
SMEs
Sectoral
Associations
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Business
intermediaries:
Cham. of Comm.;
Local Agencies
BICs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
SMEs
Open gate: International business consultants & specialized business services
SMEs
SMEs
Global economy
Large
firms
Science base:
Universities;
Public R&D;
Laboratories
Valorisation
of R&D
and Tech.
Transfer
Office
SMEs
SMEs
Open gate: International value chains
SMEs
Cluster
QUESTION
Which trends for technology-based
development and cooperation,
in a way to contribute for regional
policies
that
stimulate
localised
learning,
innovation
and
endogeneous development within
LFR’s?
Our Argument...
The scope:...
the globalized “learning society”!
Knowledge Institutions
Learning Organisations
Intellectual Property
Learning Networks
The need for institutional renewal,
…promoting diversity with institutional integrity at the supply side of technology,
(Conceicão & Heitor, 1999)
The need for public investment
BUT, understanding the role of social capital
(Conceicão, Gibson, Heitor & Sirilli, 2000), to
stimulate the inclusive development !
The CONTEXT
OCDE: “FUTURES”, Hannover 2000
EC: “IPTS - Futures Report”, 2000
1.
Technological change: accelerating
2.
The “new” economy: “the big boom”
3.
Social Dynamics: complexity and diversity
4.
“Governance”: a new model!
Technological Change:
materials, IPTS(1999)
10 000 BC
5000 BC
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE
GOLD
COOPER
0
BRONZE
IRON
1000
1500 1800
1900
METALS
POLYMERS
1980
AL-LITHIUM ALLOYS
DUAL PHASE STEELS
STEELS
ALLOY
STEELS
IVORY
COMPOSITES
MICROALLOYED STEELS
RUBBER
WOOD
BAKELITE
POTTERT
GLASS
CERAMICS
10000 BC
5000 BC
ALLOYS
REFRACTORIES
PORTLAND
CEMENT
0
1000 1500 1800
FUSED
SILICA
1900
HIGH MODULUS
POLYMERS
COMPOSITES
CERAMIC COMPOSITES
METAL-MATRIX
COMPOSITES
KEVLAR
CERAMICS
SUPERCONDUCTORS
TOUGH ENGINEERING
CERAMICS
CERMETS
1940
POLYMERS
HIGH TEMPERATURE
POLYMERS
EPOXIES
POLYESTERS
NYLON
CEMENT
2020
CONDUCTING
POLYMERS
SUPER ALLOYS
TITANIUM
ZINCONIUM
ETC
2010
NEW SUPER ALLOYS
DEVELOPMENT SLOW
MOSTLY QUALITY
CONTROL AND
PROCESSING
PAPER
STONE
FLINT
2000
SURFACE
ENGINEERING
LIGHT
ALLOYS
BRICKS (with STRAW)
1990
METALS
GLASSY METALS
CAST IRON
SKIN
FIBRE
GUMS
1960
1940
1960
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Technological Change:
telecommunications
Technological Change:
perspectives
The Convergence: telecommunications and computers ...
The QUESTION : scope and scale
TECHNOLOGIES
•more technologies to
produce each product
PROCESSES
PRODUCT
TECHNOLOGY
•more products produced from
a given technology
Source: von Tunzelmann (1999))
PROCESSES
PRODUCTS
Emerging interactions...
Source: BIPE
from
to
information
technologies
materials
biotechnologies
energy
information
technologies
Telematics
Automation
Computers
Semiconductors
Superconductors
Biosensors
Biochips
Photovoltaic
applications
materials
Computer based
design of new
materials
New alloys
Ceramics and
composits
Bio-leaching
Biological ore
processing
Power lasers
biotechnologies
Instrumental analysis
of dna sequences
Membranes
Biocompatible
materials
Recombin. DNA
New drugs
Enzymatic Synthesis
Batteries
Pacemakers
Artificial Heart
energy
Supervision of
energy processes
Robotics
Security systems
Photovoltaic
materials
Fuel cells
Superconductors
New energy biomass
New reactors
Nuclear fusion
The knowledge gap
(Scope: EUROPEAN REGIONS)
Edudation / training
for last 10 years
New
technologies
Education / training
acquired for more
than 10 years
2000
Existing
technologies
2010
2000
2010
2010: 80% of technologies with less than 10 years,
while 80% of working force has acquired training with more than 10 years
The importance of Technology in corporate
development

Case study: Innovation in Italy (Evangelista & Sirilli, 1997)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Not relevant
Little relevant
Very relevant
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
93-95
96-98
The convergence of sectors is emerging, with the growing
importance of technology in corporate development
The structure of the “new” economy
Technology replaces employment
Industrial
era
Knowledge
era
I- Recession
Economy without employment
Services
Demand Deficit
Services
Indústry
Value creation
Indústry
Entrepreneurial economy
Agriculture
Agriculture
II- Growth
Technology creates
new industries and opportunities
THE ISSUE
…1
The evidence:
• “The major source of economic growth in developed
countries has been science-based technology”,
Kuznets (1966)
• “The explosion in knowledge creation is concentrated
in a few regions, and led to similarly concentrated
distribution of income”,
World Bank (1999)
• “The most daunting problem is that of spiritual
inequality”, Fogel (1999)
Regional diversity in Western Europe
Source: Sixth Periodic Report DG XVI, 1998
Case studies - Portugal
• North & Galiza
Alexandra Campino, Danilo Rubini and Jorge Monteiro
• Algarve
Paulo Silva and Pedro B. Almeida
•Lisbon
Angela Canas, Rita Marreiros, Paulo Ribeiro and Ana Galvão
The context: M.Sc. Engineering Policy & Management of Technology
Case 1:
North, Galiza
North region (NUTII):
Area: 21 278 Km2 = 23,2% Portugal
Divided in 8 subregions (NUTIII);
Economic heterogeneity
Alto-Trás-osDouro Montes
Entre-Douro6%
7%
e-Vouga
7%
Minho-Lima
7%
Cávado
11%
Ave
13%
Tâmega
15%
Grande Porto weights 34% of
North’s population
Grande
Porto
34%
Population in North
3800
1000 inhab.
3700
3687
3600
3500
3400
3503
3545
3594
3441
3300
1984
1994
1997
2000*
2005*
3,6 Million inhab. = 36% of portuguese population;
Case 1:
North, Galiza
Galicia region (NUTII):
Area: 29 575 Km2 = 5.8% of Spain
Divided in 4 sub regions
2,7 Million inhab. = 7% of spanish population;
Cultural and social links with North region
Case 1:
North, Galiza
Employment – Share Analysis (I)
Portugal
North
1986
1994
1986
1994
Agriculture
24%
14%
Agriculture
26%
15%
Industry
33%
32%
Industry
42%
44%
Textiles &Leather
8%
8%
Textiles &Leather
17%
18%
Services
43%
54%
Services
32%
41%
Market Services
26%
33%
Market Services
20%
25%
- Relative large economic importance of Industry in the North;
- Textiles and Leather represents almost half of North’s economic structure;
- Increasing importance of Services for Portugal
Case 1:
North, Galiza
Employment – Share Analysis (II)
Galicia
North
1986
1994
1986
1994
Agriculture
41%
26%
Agriculture
26%
15%
Industry
20%
24%
Industry
42%
44%
Textiles &Leather
1%
1%
Textiles &Leather
17%
18%
Services
39%
50%
Services
32%
41%
Market Services
27%
32%
Market Services
20%
25%
- Agriculture’s share includes fishery, which is a major asset to Galicia’s economy;
- Industry’s share in Economic Structure of Galicia is almost half of North’s one;
- Services became the major employment sector for Galicia in 1994;
Case 1:
North, Galiza
Productivity (I) (GVA/employee)
Portugal
North
1986
1994
1986
1994
Agriculture
2.6
4.7
Agriculture
1.7
3.1
Industry
9.2
16.9
Industry
8.1
14.8
Textiles &Leather
7.9
11.5
Textiles &Leather
7.9
11.8
Services
10.3
18.8
Services
9.7
18.6
Market Services
13.1
22.4
Market Services
12.2
22.4
1000ECU/employee
- North presents a lower productivity ratio for industry  Labour Intensive consequence?
- No difference in Services  Similar services firms?
Case 1:
North, Galiza
Productivity (II) (GVA/employee)
Galicia
North
1986
1994
1986
1994
Agriculture
4.0
6.7
Agriculture
1.7
3.1
Industry
23.7
33.0
Industry
8.1
14.8
Textiles &Leather
15.5
24.3
Textiles &Leather
7.9
11.8
Services
19.1
27.4
Services
9.7
18.6
Market Services
21.8
31.9
Market Services
12.2
22.4
1000ECU/employee
- North: LOW productivity!!
- The difference in Services is lower than that observed in Industry;
Case 2:
Algarve in PT
R&D – Regional Expenses, 1997
R&D - Regional expenses, 1997
Million pte 1995 (c.p.)
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0
Norte
Centro
Lisboa e
Vale do
Tejo
Alentejo
Algarve
Açores
Madeira
Universities
State
Região
Source: INE; Ministry of Science and Technology
Private
Case 2:
Algarve vs Madeira
Shift-Share Analysis – GAV
Growth of local sectors compared to national sectors 1990-1995 (Base 100 = Portugal) - GVA
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
1- Agricultural,
23- Building and
forestry and
Manufactured
construction
fishery
products
products
4- Recovery,
repair, trade,
lodging and
catering
services
5- Transport 6- Services of
and
credit and
communication
insurance
services
institutions
7- Other
market
services
40
Sectors
Algarve
Madeira
Source: “The Algarve: Fate and Will” by Paulo Silva & Pedro Borges de Almeida
8- Non-market
services
Case 2:
Algarve
Sample Conclusions
1.
2.
The R&D regional effort of the Algarve is modest, but it is also not related with the main
economic activities of the region.
Shift Share Analysis shows that Algarve was virtually unable, between 90 and 95, to grow due
to inclusive factors, but it was not even capable of absorbing the growth induced by National
development.
Sample Recommendations
To develop a regional development strategy based on a culture of excelence in all elements that
are connected with Tourism & Leisure value chain:
- Natural and urban environment;
- critical infrastructures;
This requires the development of new competencies in the areas above, but also of the learning
capabilities necessary to create new value from the Tourism & Leisure cluster.
Case Study 3: Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region
LOCATION
QUOTIENT FOR GVA
SECTORS
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Energy products and water
Industrial products – Total
1984
1994
SHIFTSHARE ANALYSIS FOR GVA (109 PTE)
1984
% Change
1984-1994
1994
Evolution components
Competitive
National
Sector Mix
Position
Growth Effect
Effect
Effect
0,52
0,58
177
153
-14%
111
-147
11
1,18
0,69
174
189
9%
109
55
-149
0,86
0,81
1 032
1 289
25%
649
-232
-160
1,41
1,55
125
171
37%
79
-42
8
0,76
0,89
185
352
90%
116
13
38
1,15
1,13
2 695
4 639
72%
1 696
565
-318
Services to companies
1,59
1,48
247
612
148%
155
286
-76
Public authorities non-mercantile services
1,27
1,16
315
511
62%
198
70
-73
Education and research services
0,82
0,89
140
387
176%
88
149
11
1
1,06
135
267
98%
85
44
3
-
-
4 262
6 621
55%
2 682
293
-616
Chemical products
Construction and public works
Services - Total
Health and veterinary services
TOTAL
*
*
•Specialization in:
Services
Technology based Industry
Formal Knowledge
* Highest
growth in
GVA
Case Study 3: Within Lisbon Metropolitan Area
Sectors
Agriculture and others
Total Industry
Food industry
Textile industry
Others industries
Chemical industry
Machinery and tools
Construction
Total Services
Distributive services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Rest. and lodging services
Telec. and postal services
Producer services
Education and health
Others services
Lisbon
1991
0,50
0,49
0,45
0,44
0,65
0,58
0,38
0,82
1,26
1,39
1,18
0,96
1,09
1,65
1,58
1,10
1,22
1997
0,41
0,39
0,30
0,33
0,66
0,39
0,25
0,81
1,20
1,41
0,88
0,94
1,14
1,50
1,50
1,05
1,36
Location Quotient
LMA North*
1997
1991
0,64
0,81
1,49
1,56
1,80
1,84
1,34
1,50
1,37
1,50
1,75
1,59
1,41
1,51
1,16
1,20
0,85
0,73
0,60
0,48
1,24
0,95
1,06
1,04
0,87
0,91
0,57
0,24
0,59
0,34
0,93
0,87
0,69
0,82
LMA South
1997
1991
3,41
3,03
1,65
1,62
1,25
1,21
2,12
1,89
1,16
1,19
1,11
1,24
2,19
2,06
1,19
1,22
0,76
0,67
0,71
0,71
0,82
0,51
1,06
1,03
0,90
0,86
0,53
0,30
0,49
0,34
1,01
0,91
0,64
0,62
Coefficient of
Localization
1997
1991
0,37
0,30
0,17
0,15
0,26
0,26
0,25
0,26
0,11
0,15
0,25
0,19
0,29
0,29
0,03
0,06
0,23
0,26
0,26
0,24
0,07
0,13
0,04
0,02
0,13
0,08
0,30
0,38
0,30
0,34
0,09
0,09
0,24
0,15
* Except the city of Lisbon
Lisbon
Specialisation in services
Surroundings
Specialisation in industry
Concentration
Telec. and producer services - highly
qualified workers
Case Study 3: Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region
Sample characteristics
Services (especially to firms and public services) as decisive to the region’s
economy
High Knowledge concentration (high technology firms and formal knowledge:
education and R&D)
Policy issues
Promote social capital, taking advantage of the already existing characteristics services and high knowledge concentration - in order to promote value creation
Internet clustering ?
THE ISSUE
…2
A specific issue: Regional DIVERSITY
•“With some notable exceptions, the regional developmment debate
in Europe has been dominated by exogeneous models to such an
extent that development tends to be conceived as something that
is introduced to, or visited upon, less favoured regions, LFRs,
from external doors…
• …this kind of regional policy did little or nothing to stimulate
localised learning, innovation and indigeneous development
within LFRs”,
Henderson & Morgan (1999)
Innovation in EU
source: Community Innovation Survey, OCT-PT
Share of Innovative Firms in Services
100%
80%
Ireland
Austria
60%
Luxembourg
Germany
UK
Netherlands
France
40%
Portugal
Finland
20%
Sweden
Norway
Belgium
0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Share of Innovative Firms in Manufacturing
100%
Innovation in EU
Expenditure by Manufacturing Firms on Innovation
80%
Ireland
Share of Innovative Firms
Germany
Austria
Netherlands
60%
UK
Sweden
Norway
France
40%
Finland
Portugal
Belgium
20%
0%
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
Expenditure in Innovation (Share of Turnover)
0,08
Euro Average
Portugal
Lack of customers
responsiveness
Regulations and
standards
Lack of information on
markets
High economic risks
Lack of information on
technology
Lack of appropriate
sources of finance
High innovation costs
Organizational rigidities
Lack of qualified
personnel
Share of Firms with Seriously Delayed Projects
Innovation in Portugal
Profiles of Hampering Factors
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
The ISSUE
•
...concluding
The need to consider technology-based development and cooperation in a
broader context, leading to innovation:
–Promoting value, by exploiting change
–Understanding institutional
development
–Integrating systems of competence building and social
cohesion
OUR GOAL: to discuss the emergence of an
agenda on regional policy
Regional Innovation Strategies...
Which specific driving forces?
1. Productivity
2. The knowledge-based industries
3. Resouces: Scale vs intensity
4. Industrial structure
5. Institutional development:
market regulation; employment protection
6. The Sustainable development
BUT, the regional dimension:
...Social capital for the inclusive development
The regional dimension:
technology and innovation gap
1. Input: HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
2. output: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITIES
3. determining factors :
• international cooperation
• sme`s: support services
networks
• FDI: integration in local economies
• transports, communications, energy infrastructures
… BUT, ALSO, INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
The regional dimension:
technology and innovation gap …cont.
Most development programmes stand on their ability to
build “social capital”: a relational infrastructure for collective
action
This requires a shift in development studies:
• from state-led or market-driven processes,
regardless time, space or milieu
• to institutional perspective, looking at the
quality of institutional networks
The regional dimension:
technology and innovation gap …cont.
INSTITUTIONAL NETWORKS to mediate:
•mediate information exchange
• knowledge creation
•capacity for collective action
•potential for interactive learning
•efficacy of voice mechanisms
Henderson & Morgan (1999)
Social capital for inclusive development
OECD(2000)
Norway
Finland
Sweden
Denmar k
Canada
Australia
Netherlands
US
UK
Switzerland
Iceland
Japan
Ireland
Korea
Spain
Austr ia
Belgium
Germany
Italy
France
Portugal
Mexico
Turk ey
0
10
20
30
40
A Measure of Trust
50
60
70
Policy Issues: Regional Innovation Strategies
Landabaso et al. (1999)
–
Internal coherence of the regional innovation system by connecting
its different key elements: R&TDI supply with well identified Demand
and business needs, from SMEs in particular.
– Increase the amount and, more importantly the quality of innovation
public spending through innovation projects (bigger and better spending
in this field through regional policy).
–
Rationalise the regional innovation support system by raising
awareness, eliminating duplications, filling gaps and promoting
synergies.
Successful stories: The Regional Technology Plans
Wales (UK), Limburg (Netherlands), Lorraine (France) and Leipzig-HalleDessau (Germany), Central Macedonia (Greece), Castilla Y Leon (Spain) and
Abruzzo (Italy).
RIS generated ideas and practical results:
Galicia examples
• Compilation and diffusion of strategic information on the innovation field
to Galician SMEs through a Technological Observatory
• Campaign of visits by innovation management experts to local SMEs and
publication of an ‘Innovation Guide’ for businesses
• Galician Innovation award for successful business introduction of new
products, processes, management techniques, etc.
• Creation of a new fund to support high risk innovative projects
• Sponsor training programmes in new professions linked to innovation
support services (financial analysts, technological auditors, technology
rating…)
• Creation of the Galician network of R&TDI interface organisations
• Pilot design of an integral mechanism for supporting the process of
innovation in 12 companies (9 SMEs).
Discussion: EU policy challenges
Soete (2000)
-The current new growth regime associated with a knowledge driven society raises
major institutional challenges to EU and individual member countries
-Proposal of European “new deal” version: “cognitive Keynesianism” based
on:
a) recognition of the importance of public and private investment in education,
learning and knowledge more generally for growth and equality (OECD target
figures)
b) “activating” education and developing incentives for such investments
c) adherence to “open” features of the science and knowledge system
enhancing transmission and knowledge diffusion aspects, reducing the blocking
aspects of IPRs
d) give political priority to importance of large social change: so far the knowledge
driven society has been strong on economy and poor on society
Perspectives for “change”
Building the conceptual framework
Systems of Innovation and Competence Building!
Conceicão, Heitor and Lundvall (2000)
•The notion of localised technological change:
• a joint process of production, learning and communication
• a fully endogenous, with strong interdependence between specialisation and
diversification
• important, but limited role of demand: learning capability is critical!
• based on mix of generic and tacit knowledge
•The science base:
” …the aim of policy should be to create a broad and productive science
base, closely linked to higher education…”, Pavitt (1998)
•The role
of Social Capital…
… debate
…the challenges for Regional Development:
building social capital in LFR’s
opportunities for an Agenda on Regional Policy!
… debate
1. Productivity
Decomposition of GDP per Hour Worked into Effects of Working Hours, Labor Force
Participation and GDP Per Capita, 1997
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Japan
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
EU-14
GDP per hour
worked as a %
of the OECD Average
Effect of
working
hours
GDP per person
Effect of
Effect of labor force
employed as a % unemploy- as a % of the working
of the OECD Average
ment
age population
(1)
(2)
(3)=(1)+(2)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)=(4)+(5)+(6)
(8)=(3)+(7)
96
102
128
97
92
93
123
105
75
108
106
82
121
69
126
56
84
93
94
36
100
120
103
0
-4
-5
2
0
0
-9
-5
-4
5
-11
10
-26
8
-17
2
13
-3
0
2
-9
-1
-5
96
98
123
98
92
94
113
100
71
113
96
92
95
77
109
58
97
89
94
38
91
118
98
-1
3
-3
-2
1
-7
-6
-3
-2
-4
-5
4
2
1
4
0
-14
-3
3
0
0
3
-4
2
-2
-19
2
9
2
-9
-4
-11
-12
-1
6
-4
3
12
1
-13
6
12
-8
3
9
-4
0
1
-1
2
1
0
-2
2
1
-3
2
4
2
-1
-4
1
2
-4
1
-1
-2
-2
0
1
2
-22
2
11
-5
-17
-4
-12
-18
-5
14
0
2
12
2
-26
-1
17
-9
0
10
-8
97
100
101
100
103
88
97
96
58
95
91
106
96
79
122
60
71
88
111
29
92
128
90
Source: Ark and McGuckin (1999).
Effect of working age
Total effect
population as a % of labor force
of the total population participation
GDP per person
as a %
of the OECD Average
2. Knowledge-based industries
OECD(2000)
Average annual real value added growth of knowledge based
year)
share
(1985
industriesAverage
Annual
Real Value
Added Growth of Knowledge Based Industries (1985-share year)
14
Korea
12
10
8
Portugal**
6
UK*
Denmark
4
Spain***
Japan
Mexico
Austria
Greece*
Italy
Germany
NL*
Belgium
Canada
US
France
Sweden***
2
Norway
Denmark
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
in Business Sector
Valuevalue
Added ofadded
Knowledge
Industries (share
year 1996 industries
except: *1995;**1993;
***1994)
ShareShare
in business
sector
inBased
knowledge
business
(share
year 1996)
3. Resources: Scale vs Intensity
Public vs private R&D expenditures
0,1
France
Public R&D Expenditures per capita
FR
Netherlands
0,075
Germany
Denmark
Poland
Finland
Norway
D
US
Japan
JP
USA
Korea
Canada
UK
0,05
France
UK
UK
US
Netherlands
Canada
Germany
P97
Czech Rep
Finland
Denmark
Ireland
0,025
P95
ES
Japan
Norway
Sweden
Spain
Portugal
SE
Ireland
IR
Sweden
Belgium
New Zealand
Hungary
Spain
Portugal
P81
Mexico
Turkey
0
0
0,125
0,25
0,375
Private R&D Expenditures per capita
0,5
3. Resources: Scale vs Intensity
R&D Expenditure (OECD)
0,04
Sweden
0,035
Intensity- Share of GDP spent on R&D
0,03
Japan
Finland
US
France
0,025
the Netherlands
Germany
Denmark
0,02
0,015
UK
Belgium
Ireland
Austria
Italy
0,01
Portugal
Spain
0,005
Greece
0
100
1000
10000
100000
Scale- Total Expenditure in R&D ($PPP; logarithmic scale)
1000000
4. THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE
35
EU-13
Portugal
40
30
35
25
30
20
25
15
20
15
10
10
5
0
5
1983
1987
1991
1995
0
YEAR
Food, beverages & tobacco
Textiles, apparel & leather
Wood products & furniture
Paper, paper products & printing
Chemical products
Non-metallic mineral products
Basic metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Other manufacturing, nec
1983
1987
1991
YEAR
1995
5. Industrial structure: Dynamics
0,18
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
Japan
Korea
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
UK
USA
0,17
0,16
0,15
0,14
0,13
0,12
0,11
0,1
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
6. Institutional Development
Market Regulation and Employment Protection
Nicoletti, Scarpetta & Boylaud; OECD (2000)