Transcript Diapositive 1

Assuring Growth through
Innovation and Research
The essential role of Public-Private
Partnerships
Dr. Noureddine Boukhatem
Université Mohamed Premier
[email protected]
N. Boukhatem
UMP
Assuring Growth through
Innovation and Research
The essential role of Public-Private Partnerships
N. Boukhatem
UMP
Innovation and Research
Innovation is the development of new
products, services and processes, which may
be based on cutting edge research.
 Innovation
and research are now
increasingly international endeavors.
 Global challenges in areas like climate
change, security and the demographic
shift are on an unprecedented scale

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Innovation and Research
•Innovation
is essential to competitiveness and higher living
standards through greater investment and increased
collaboration.
•A large body of evidence shows that innovative economies are
more productive and faster growing. They deliver higher returns on
investment and increased living standards. They are better at
responding to changing circumstances through redeploying old
activities and jobs
•Developed countries are spending more on research and
working to develop clusters of knowledge and innovation
hotspots
•To succeed in the global innovation economy, our Nation
must strengthen its ability to accelerate the
commercialization of emerging technologies
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Factors influencing the effectiveness
of innovation system
•Governance
•Regime
• Taxation
and regulation of enterprise
•Enterprise access to finance
•Size of manufacturing base
•Organization of the university sector
•Levels and orientation of government-funded
•Research; and the Role and weight of different public
institutions.
•Industrial and technological specializations
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Common characteristics of
successful national systems,

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An ability to generate long-term and risky investment at
scale for new ideas, both public and private. These new
ideas are the result of relationships among people
producing, sharing, applying and developing various kinds
of knowledge through cohesive networks.
These networks also allow them to engage with
international collaborators and adopt innovations that
emerge elsewhere in the world.
The Governments, delivery bodies and agencies take a
leadership role.
Developing technological capabilities through funding
research and R&D.
They actively support strong collaborations between
actors and take investment decisions on research and
technological priorities, and institutional frameworks as
well as education, regulation and infrastructure
provision.
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Research Budget
As an indication:
UK have already maintained an annual £4.6 billion
budget for science and research program
 The UK’s universities secured over £3 billion from
external sources last year
 We have limited resources to invest, and must
prioritize our investments into emerging
technologies on the basis of rigorous criteria, and
an independent assessment of national capability to
exploit their potential and succeed in global
markets.
 We will prioritize our investments in emerging
technologies that have wide application, where
global markets are growing, helping create the
enterprises of the future
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The government role
Fostering scientific and technological
breakthroughs is a fundamental role of
government
 But the challenges from competing
developed countries, and the burgeoning
BRIICS (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia,
China, South Africa) economies mean we
need to work much harder
 We must ensure that government policies
stimulate, rather than hinders, national
innovation
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The government role
Looking for ways to encourage more
relationships between universities and
business
 Investing more in the Small Business Research
Initiative
 Helping more SMEs to win government
contracts for their innovative products and
services.
 Increase our funding to support design driven
innovation.
 Encouraging large company research and
development by making the R&D Tax Credit

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The government role
 Stimulating
innovation through prizes
and competitions
 Creating a balance between competition
and collaboration
◦ Competition is important in driving the
quality of research and business innovation.
But there is overwhelming evidence to show
that multi-partner collaborations can add
more than the sum of their parts.
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The government role
 Creating
a series of technology and
innovation
centers
which
will
commercialize innovation and research
to be competitive on the world stage.
 Centers for high value manufacturing,
 Centers for health technologies
 Centers for renewable energy
 Centers for high-performance computing
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Research
Infrastructure
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NATIONAL DESIGN
COUNCIL
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DESIGN
The importance of design as a tool for innovation,
productivity and economic growth is largely accepted
around the world.
 China’s Premier Minister, Wen Jiabao has stated a
desire to move from “Made in China” to “Designed
in China”.

Other Asian governments are vigorously committed
to the promotion of design, notably those in
Singapore, Korea and Malaysia.
 Similar drives are evident around the world and
there is enhanced focus in Europe
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What’s Design?
Design is what links creativity and innovation.
It shapes ideas to become practical and
attractive propositions for users or customers.
Design may be described as creativity
deployed to a specific end
 It is the use of structured thinking, tools
and processes to develop solutions that
are human-centred and fit for purpose
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National design strategies in
the Far East
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Asian
governments
are
vigorously
committed to the promotion of design,
notably those in Singapore, Korea, Malaysia
and China
The scale of investment in building design
capability in the Far East is considerable
◦ As an example: design investment by the Korean
Government as a proportion of GDP is nearly
ten times greater than in the UK
◦ It has ambitions to increase the number of firms
with in-house design teams from 20,000 to
100,000 and to treble the value of its design
sector
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Design in European innovation
policy
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In May 2010, the Ministers in charge of
competitiveness in the Council of the
European Union adopted conclusions on
design as a driver of user-centred innovation
and are introducing a European Design
Innovation Initiative

Many individual European nations have
design bodies that promote the use of
design, notably Germany, France and the
Scandinavian countries
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Design policies in North
America
US administration is currently considering
plans for an American Design Council.
Establishment of such a body to work in
partnership with US Government
underpins a series of proposals from the
US National Design Policy Initiative
 Canada currently has strong regional
design support which has encouraged
growth of design capability in Quebec and
Ontario
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NDC Aactivities
activities include:
 projects
to
improve
business
competitiveness, such as design mentoring
to help small businesses thrive and help
universities to bring science to market
 projects for the public sector to procure
design effectively, improve service design
and reduce cost
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Functions of the National Design
Council
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1. Support : design mentoring for those
who want to use design in business,
universities and the public sector
2. Challenges : design-led projects and
competitions for the private sector to
help the public sector solve big social
and economic challenges
3. Insight : research and advice on policy
development
4. Investment : networks and resources
to help share knowledge and develop
design skills
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Technology and Innovation
Centers
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Technology and Innovation Centers
(TIC)
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The 21st Century will be a time of rapid
innovation and technological change that will
be spurred on by the grand challenges that
we face, including climate change and the
demands of an ageing society
There are already a number of candidate
technology areas including, stem cells and
regenerative medicine; future internet
technologies; plastic electronics; software &
technologies addressing renewable energy
and climat change; satellite communications;
fuel cells; advanced manufacturing; and
composite materials, amongst many others.
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TICs Definition
 TICs
are defined as organizations
focused on the exploitation of new
technologies, through an infrastructure
which bridges the spectrum of
activities between research and
technology commercialization. These
can be in both established technology
areas
and
in
new, emerging
technologies.
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Role of Technology and Innovation
Centers
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Economic Context
It used to take many years, often decades,
for
academic
discoveries
to
be
commercialized. This has changed into a
race between nations to bring new
technologies to market more quickly, to
gain first mover advantage and establish a
dominant market position in the following
years
 Smaller countries can however compete,
as Finland has shown with Nokia
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Role of TICs
 The
specific role of TICs varies
according to the innovation system
and economic and social landscape of
the countries they operate in.
 However a shared rationale exists for
TICs that bridge the gap between
academic discovery and commercial
exploitation
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Shared characteristics for
developing TICs
 It
is common for TICs to be focused on
sectors or technologies which capitalize
on local and national strengths rather
than have a wider spread of institutes in
many technology or sectoral fields
 Most benefit from long-term, sustained
and predictable flows of public funding,
although the level and type of funding
varies significantly.
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shared characteristics for
developing TICs
The workforce is recruited from the
academic and private sector and
possesses
research,
technology
development and commercialization skills
 TICs are expected to supplement core
funding by winning additional income
from public and private sector contract
research,
and
through
the
commercialization of IP
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shared characteristics for
developing TICs
Strong governance structures are in place in many
to provide strategic direction and ensure the
quality of services provided to business
 Almost all operate with a high degree of autonomy
to manage the achievement of their objectives
 A strong brand has been found to reinforce a TIC
or network of TICs by making them a more
attractive partner to the private sector and for
international collaborations
 International collaborations are widely undertaken
with many within the EU, and leveraging significant
funding from the Framework Program
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Science and
Technology Parks
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What is a Research Park?
Also referred to as research parks, science parks,
technology parks, technopoles, science centers,
business innovation centers, and centers for
advanced technology
 The International Association of Science Parks
defines a Science Park as: “an organization
managed by specialized professionals, whose main
aim is to increase the wealth of its community by
promoting the culture of innovation and the
competitiveness of its associated businesses and
knowledge-based institutions.
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S&T Parks a rapidly growing
phenomenon

S&T Parks are a rapidly growing
phenomenon and an increasingly common
tool of national and regional economic
development.They are designed to:
◦ Facilitate the cooperation that generates
higher returns on existing investments in R&D
and large-scale research facilities;
◦ Meet the special needs of high-tech industries
for infrastructure and associated services; and
◦ Achieve critical mass in terms of co-located
research facilities and staff.
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Goals to be met through a Science
Park
Stimulating and managing the flow of
knowledge and technology amongst
universities, R&D institutions, companies
and markets
 Facilitating the creation and growth of
innovation-based companies through
incubation and spin-off processes
 Providing other value-added services
together with high quality space and
facilities
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Common characteristic of
successful research parks
Champions: Committed champions who match
sustained, high-level attention with significant
support for the growth and development of a
research park.
 Leadership: Effective leadership and professional
management to facilitate networking among the
entrepreneurs, researchers, investors, and others
within and around the research park’s innovation
ecosystem
 Funding: Designated and sustained public funding
and active private participation, combined with
effective public policies to support companies that
seek to convert ideas into innovations and
innovations into products for the market
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Common characteristic of
successful research parks
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Bridging institutions: A Board on Science and
Technology, that preserve the vision of the research
park over the long period it takes for parks to
mature and become successful
Human resources : This term captures the
positive human capital built over many years of
public investments in education and skills training,
public policies that encourage an entrepreneurial
culture, and the presence of networks among
professionals
Metrics: Effective metrics to help management set
clear goals and, over time, gauge the effectiveness of
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the research park
Role of Public-Private
Partnerships
Partnerships facilitate the transfer of scientific
knowledge to real products; they represent
one means to improve the output of the
national innovation system
• Partnerships help by bringing innovations to
the point where private actors can introduce
them to the market.
• Accelerated progress in obtaining the benefits
of new products, new processes, and new
knowledge into the market has positive
consequences for economic growth and
human welfare
•
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Nonlinearity of Innovation and
Research Parks
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University Research Parks
University research park is defined
as a “cluster of technology-based
organizations that locate on or
near a university campus in order
to benefit from the university’s
knowledge base and ongoing
research”
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Win-win Partnership

while parks gain knowledge and prestige
from their university partners, the
universities gain as well. Association with a
successful park can bring multiple benefits
to a university such as:
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Higher publication rates;
More successful patenting activities;
A greater ability to hire eminent scientists
An ability to garner larger extramural grants
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Laboratory Research Parks
Like universities, national laboratories are
also repositories of knowledge and
scientific aptitude and thus represent
promising nuclei for the growth of
innovation clusters
 The Importance of Champions
“Parks don’t just happen. They require
energy, devotion, passion from leaders not
only of the institution but also of the
region.”
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Successful Research Parks
Factors
A
strong science and industry base.
 The availability of finance.
 The presence of entrepreneurs.
 The presence of trust networks at an
individual level.
 The opportunity for collaboration
among universities, businesses, and
other organizations.
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Mega Parks in China
 China
has more than 54 state-level
economic
and
technological
development zones, and 53 national
high-tech development zones,
 Here after, the description of the
development of three large science
parks as a leading examples of
Chinese policy and achievement.
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Shanghai Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park
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Established in July 1992 in the middle of Pudong New Area, the
park comprisesn the Technical Innovation Zone, Hi-Tech
Industry Zone, Scientific Research and Education Zone, and
Residential Zone.
The Zhangjiang High-Tech Park emphasizes three major areas
of innovation: life science, which accounts for about 50% of
revenues; software; and information technology
Its corporate tenants in the life sciences include six of the
world’s top ten pharmaceuticals and information technology
companies. Chinese tenants include more than 60 small
molecule drug development companies, 35 medical device and
diagnostics firms, and more than 15 traditional Chinese
medicine companies.
The park now accounts for 25% of Shanghai’s GDP, 50% of
foreign trade, and 30% of foreign investment.
Of 25 square kilometers, 17 are already developed, hosting
more than 3,600 companies, more than 140 of them foreign,
and more than 100,000 employees.
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Zhongguancun Science Park in
Beijing
The park hosts over 20,000 enterprises and
950,000 employees, receiving total income of 850
billion Yuan (about US$124 billion)
 More than 800 enterprises have income exceeding
100 million Yuan
 Of the industries represented in the park, the
majority (56.6%) are classified as information
technology, 12.5% as “new energy,” 12.3% as
biomedicine, 9.4% as advanced manufacturing, and
8.4% as new materials
 The park has attracted almost 10,000 “sea turtles”
(Chinese scientists who return home after
acquiring skills abroad) that have set up 4,200
companies in Zhongguancun Science Park.
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Suzhou Industrial Park
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Established in 1994, Suzhou Industrial Park is
a unique joint development between the
Chinese and Singapore governments. Located
80 kilometers west of Shanghai,
Suzhou has taken its place at the high-tech
frontier of the global economy.
In land area only 0.1% and in population 0.5%
of China, it accounts for 2.3% of GDP, 1.5% of
financial revenue, 10% of imports and exports,
and 8.3% of foreign investment
Of the Fortune 500 companies, 113 have set
up operations in Suzhou.
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Evaluating Research Parks
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As countries, regions, and cities around the
world invest sometimes on a massive scale to
create new research parks as a means to
accelerate technological and economic
transition, the task of measuring the
contribution of becomes more important
Research parks should be evaluated to make
them more accountable to the public that
invests in them and to understand, improve,
and measure the benefits they provide to
universities, laboratories, and businesses and
to contributing scientists and engineers
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The Challenge of Evaluation
Some Possible Metrics
 Meeting
the goals of legislation.
 Return on public investments.
 Enhanced firm performance
 Enhanced university performance
 Value of the park to tenants.
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Références

Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks: Global
Best Practice: Report of a Symposium. Charles W. Wessner, Editor;
Committee on Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st
Century; National Research Council. ISBN 978-0-309-13789-8

Innovation and Research Strategy for Growth. Presented to
Parliament by the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills by
Command of Her Majesty. December 2011

The Current and Future Role of Technology and Innovation
Centres in the UK. A Report by Dr. Hermann Hauser For Lord
Mandelson Secretary of State Department for Business Innovation & Skills

THE DESIGN COUNCIL. A Review by Martin Temple CBE OCTOBER
2010 . Department for Business, Innovation and Skills . UK

S&T Strategies of Six Countries: Implications for the United
States. Committee on Global Science and Technology Strategies and their
Effect on U.S. National Security; Standing Committee on Technology. InsightGauge, Evaluate & Review; National Research Council. THE NATIONAL
ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W.Washington, DC 20001
48
S&T strategies of
countries achieving
remarkable growth in
their S&T capabilities:
Japan, Brazil, Russia, India, China,
and Singapore (JBRICS)
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Brazil
Increase in national spending on research,
development, and innovation (RD&I) from
1.02 percent of GDP in 2006 to 1.5
percent of GDP in 2010
 Increase in private investment in RD&I
from 0.51 percent of GDP in 2006 to 0.65
percent of GDP in 2010
 Substantial increases in scholarships for
researchers, and the creation of new
technology centers
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Brazil
 The
National Council for Scientific and
Technological Development (CNPq)
created the National Institutes of
Science and Technology
 Located in 16 different states in Brazil
and function as a national S&T network.
 The institutes were funded with
approximately
$330
million
in
investments
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Brazil
 Brazil
is attempting to strengthen ties
between industry and academia to
engage professors directly in industrial
development.
 The government currently runs a
program that pays half the salaries of
Ph.D. researchers for their first three
years of employment in industry
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Brazil
 Brazil’s
academic base has grown
significantly during the past 10 years,
as the number of master’s and Ph.D.
degrees has grown about 12 percent
per year
 In 2007, 10,000 doctoral degrees
were awarded, and the nation hoped
to reach 16,000 by 2010.
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China
China’s economic growth and subsequent
investment in S&T is transforming it into a
regional and global hub for not only
industrial production but increasingly also
for industrial R&D, and to a lesser extent,
basic research.
 China is host to more than 1,200 foreigninvested R&D centers, which represents
3% of developed countries’ global R&D
investments
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China
 To
gain technological and therefore
economic self-sufficiency :
◦ Increasing
the
domestic
technological input to 60 % of
economic growth
◦ limiting the overall dependence
on foreign technology to less than
30%
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China
China aims to raise national investment in
R&D to 2 percent of GDP by 2010 and
2.5% by 2020, from the current percentage
of about 1.5%
 China’s share of scientific and engineering
citations grew by about 20% annually
between 1974 and 2005.
 China’s patent outputs have risen sharply in
recent years but only 1 percent are
regarded as being of high value
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India
 India’s
system for S&T innovation is
comprised of central and state
government agencies as well as public
and private organizations.
 400 national laboratories, 400 R&D
institutions in the government sector
 1,300 R&D organizations in the
industrial sector
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India
300
universities
and
educational
institutions produce more than 450,000
S&T personnel every year
 400,000 personnel are employed in R&D
establishments
 Recognizing that India’s skill base is
growing, more than 300 multinational
companies have opened their R&D centers
and laboratories
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India
 R&D
expenditures were expected to
reach a level of $330 billion in 20052007 and $380 billion in 2007-2008.
 Stated Goals include:
◦ The increase of R&D expenditures
from 0.9% to 2% of GDP
◦ The increase of education spending
from 4% to 6% of GDP
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Japan
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Several ministries are involved in S&T policy,
but coordination is managed by a cabinet
office called the Council for Science and
Technology Policy (CSTP), which reports
directly to the Prime Minister
Japan’s total R&D expenditures equaled 3.67%
of its GDP, the highest among industrialized
nations (compared to 2.68% in the United
States),
A 5 to 1 ratio of private-sector to publicsector spending
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Japan
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Japan changed its funding model for research
by increasing the fraction allocated to
competitive funding
The combination of institutional reforms and
increased funding for research has led to
significant increases in the number and
citations of papers published in major
scientific journals
Japanese policymakers have placed strong
emphasis on reform of the patent system.
Japan has taken major steps to strengthen IP
protection, including the enactment of the
Basic Law on Intellectual Property
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Japan
The number of university industry joint
research projects has increased from
about 1,400 in 1995 to more than 6,000 in
2003
 Most of Japan’s S&T plans for the future
consist of short-term goals to be
completed in five years or less. Goals
aimed at specific tasks, such as refinement
of a particular manufacturing process or
development of a new generation of
equipment, are generally met

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Russia
 More
than 50 percent of the Russian
population has a higher education,
compared with 24 percent of the
American population
 Russian S&T planning processes and
investment strategies are top-down and
highly centralized with political leaders
playing a dominant role
 Russia’s strategies attempt to address
the current weaknesses of the Russian
S&T system, which include:
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Russia
Lack
of entrepreneurship and experience in
transferring basic research into innovative technologies
and Products
Overwhelming dominance of government S&T funding
Obsolete (and often corrupt) top-down funding
mechanisms
Insufficient system of IP rights to encourage
entrepreneurship
Outdated higher education system with little research
at universities
Emigration of young talent, further exacerbated by
Russia’s population decline, resulting in an aging S&T
Establishment that will resist culture
changeUMP
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Russia
Recently, Russia has been improving the
basic elements of its innovative
infrastructure through the development of
the following :
 55 technological parks
 66 innovative-technological centers (ITCs)
 80 business incubators
 86 centers for technologies transfer
 10 national information-analytical centers,
that is, digital libraries (NIACs)

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Singapore
Current
plan for developing S & T, almost
tripled research and development (R&D)
funding, raising it to U.S.$9.8 billion. At the
onset of this plan, a high-level Research
Innovation and Enterprise Council (RIEC),
chaired by the prime minister
The RIEC has a three-part mission :
◦ Catalyze new industries through strategic research
programs
◦ Expand research capacity to create new knowledge
◦ Nurture innovation and entrepreneurship to exploit
new knowledge
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Singapore
Venture capital firms are working closely
with the research institutes and
technology incubators to develop spin-off
companies
 As of 2008, 72 percent of R&D funding
was supplied by the private sector.
 As an example of knowledge-based
economic growth, the number of
nanotechnology-related companies has
grown from 10 in 2004 to 58 in 2009
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Singapore
Singapore Economic Development Board executes
strategies to make Singapore a global hub for
business investment and talent
 The Standards, Productivity, and Innovation Board
(SPRING) supports the development of small- to
medium-sized enterprises with funding to execute
intellectual property (IP) strategy
 Recruitment
of international scientists and
engineers has been initiated at an impressive level.
 Unique facilities at Biopolis and Fusionopolis,
coupled with an extended funding commitment
that liberates top R&D talent from the obligations
of proposal preparation

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