Transcript The Influence of Tourism on the Subjective Wellbeing of

The influence of tourism on the subjective
wellbeing of host communities
Robert A. Cummins
Australian Centre on Quality of Life
Deakin University
http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol
BEST EN
champion of sustainable tourism
“Tourism is a well-known tool to facilitate
regeneration and economic development
and enhance the quality of life
of visitors and host communities.”
BEST EN
Tourism is a well-known tool to facilitate
regeneration and economic development
and enhance the quality of life
of visitors and host communities.
Questions
1. What is life quality?
2. Does economic development = improved life quality?
3. How does life quality relate to the natural environment?
How do we measure
‘life quality’?
One way is through social indicators
What is a ‘social indicator’?
a statistic of direct normative interest
which facilitates --- judgments about
the condition of -- a society.
(U.S. Department of Health, Education, Welfare, 1969)
That is----The major traditional social
indicators ≈ money
or at least the products and
services that money can buy.
So, around the world, prior to 1970’s
Quality of Life = GDP.
Following the Second World War, many countries
experienced strong economic growth
550
500
450
400
GDP held
as a percent
of its
1958 value
350
Deflated GDP/capita
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1987
Year
Depletion of natural resources
Western
Australia's
primary energy
usage by fuel type
(2005)
98% of WA's primary energy needs are supplied from fossil fuels
Pollution
www.eslisland.com/intro/Ecology-Environment.htm
People are working longer
hours each week
Globalization, BlackBerries,
corporate expectations
and Type A personalities.
www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17030672/
2005
1983
Tourism enhances economic development.
It also raises the need for
infrastructure and energy consumption
Does this kind of development confer a
net benefit on the host population ?
Are people becoming happier as a result of
economic development?
Life satisfaction
Since the 1950s, surveys in many
countries have included the question:
‘Considering your life as a whole, how
satisfied are you with your life?’
Economic growth
and
Subjective Wellbeing
in Japan
550
500
450
400
Deflated GDP/capita
350
300
GDP is held
as a percent 250
of its
200
1958 value
150
Life satisfaction
is the actual 100
value for
50
each year
0
Life Satisfaction
1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1987
(Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002)
Year
In Australia
13000
GDP per capita
GDP per capita ($)
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
In Australia
13000
GDP per capita
100
95
Personal Wellbeing Index
12000
90
11000
80
75
10000
70
65
9000
60
55
8000
50
Wellbeing (0-100)
GDP per capita ($)
85
Quality of Life
Objective Conditions
e.g. Physical health
Objective QOL
Subjective Perceptions
e.g. Satisfaction with health
?
Subjective Wellbeing
[happiness]
Subjective Wellbeing
A positive state of mind that
involves the whole life experience
How do we measure it?
How satisfied are you with your life as a whole?
The first-level deconstruction is---
How satisfied are you with your-----?
• Standard of living
• Health
• Achieving in life
• Relationships
• Safety
• Community connectedness
• Future security
• Spirituality/Religion
( Personal Wellbeing Index )
Domains: all must contribute unique variance
Standard of living
Health
Achieving in life
Relationships
Safety
Community connectedness
Future security
Spirituality/Religion
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
β
“How satisfied
are you
with your life
as a whole?”
[Jones and Thurstone ,1955]
11-point, end-defined scale
How satisfied are you with your ----?
Completely
Dissatisfied
0
1
Completely
Satisfied
2
3
4
5
6
8
8
9
10
Personal Wellbeing Index
How satisfied are you with your-----?
• Standard of living
• Health
• Achieving in life
• Relationships
• Safety
• Community connectedness
• Future security
• Spirituality/Religion
We code all data to lie on a range from
Complete
dissatisfaction
0
Complete
satisfaction
100
Why is subjective wellbeing important?
Positive emotions build a range of personal resources as:
Physical resources (health, longevity)
Social resources (friendliness, social capital)
Intellectual resources (intellectual curiosity, expert
knowledge,)
Psychological resources (resilience, optimism,
creativity)
In 2000 we linked with our
industry partner, Australian Unity
Purpose: to create a quarterly index of
subjective wellbeing for the Australian
population.
As an alternative to the traditional
economic indicators such as GDP
Our data are drawn from the
Australian Unity Wellbeing Index Surveys
Geographically representative
sample
N = 2,000
Telephone interview
#1: April 2001
-----------#19: April 2008
Personal Wellbeing Index 2001 - 2007
77
>S11
76
75
Strength
of
satisfaction
>S2, S4, S5
Scores above this line are
significantly higher than S1
74
73
Major events
72
preceding survey
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Survey
Date
Key:
a = September 11
b = Bali Bombing
c = Pre-Iraq War
d = Hussein Deposed
e = Athens Olympic
f = Asian Tsunami
g = Second Bali Bombing h = New Industrial Relations Laws
Personal Wellbeing Index 2001 - 2007
77
>S11
76
75
Strength
of
satisfaction
>S2, S4, S5
Scores above this line are
significantly higher than S1
74
This represents a 3.0 percentage point variation
73
xxxxx
Major events
72
preceding survey
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Survey
Date
Key:
a = September 11
b = Bali Bombing
c = Pre-Iraq War
d = Hussein Deposed
e = Athens Olympic
f = Asian Tsunami
g = Second Bali Bombing h = New Industrial Relations Laws
Why is happiness held so steady?
Homeostasis
Just like we hold body temperature steady
Subjective wellbeing homeostasis
Homeostasis is maintained by using resources for defence
Bad
stuff
X
Major external
protective resources
(Money, Relationships)
Subjective
wellbeing
Internal resources
(eg. Finding meaning
for the bad event)
Protective resources allow people
to defend homeostasis and their happiness
Homeostasis can fail
Overwhelming
Negative
Challenges
Subjective
wellbeing
The result of subjective wellbeing loss is
depression
What are the major risk factors for
homeostatic defeat?
General principles
Resilience (the power to defend
wellbeing against sources of threat) is
a balance between resources and
stress
2. Both resources and threats concern
the person’s whole life, not just in
some life compartment (eg work).
Income is an external resource that enhances
resilience
81
Total N ≈ 30,000
80
*
79
78.0
78
Subjective
wellbeing
77
76
*
75
*
78.3
*
76.5
76.3
74.9
Normal Range
73.9
74
79.2
73.0
73
72
71.7
71
<$15
$15-30
$31-60
$61-90
$91-120
$121-150
Median
Household Income ($'000)
$150+
Relationship support may or may not
enhance resilience
SWB
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
80.4
Partner
76.2
76.3
Subjective Wellbeing Normative range
Never married
73.8
73.3
72.0
71.4
Live alone
70.2
70.6
70.1
69.2
67.4
62.8
10
9
8
7
6
5
(4 + 3)
Level of support from partner
(2 + 1)
0
The benefit of a relationship is dependent on:
84
83
82
81 80.4
80
79
78
77
76.2
76
75
Subjective Wellbeing Normative range
74
73.8
73
Never married
72
71.4
71
Live alone
70.2
70.1
70
69
68
67.4
67
66
65
64
63
80%
62.8
62
61
(51%) (15%) (14%)
60
10
9
8
7
6
5
(4 + 3)
(2 + 1)
a) Choice
b) Investment
SWB
Level of support from partner
76.3
73.3
72.0
70.6
69.2
0
Not all opinions or feelings are relevant to wellbeing
80
Worry at interest rates
79.0
(February 2008)
78
77.1
76.8
76.0
76
76.4
75.2
PWI
74.8
74.8
Normal range
74.3
74.1
73.7
74
73.4
72
70
N
115
58
49
47
153
82
126
133
69
119
0/1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Level of worry
If the target is non-self, gradually changing, and beyond personal control, people
can separate their worry from their personal self
If the target is personal, then worry can affect
wellbeing
Income security
80
February 2009
78
76.5
76
Normative range
74
73.4
72
PWI
70
68
66
64
18.6%
62
N
60
442
201
222
161
58
108
47
64
29
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
2-3
0-1
Degree of certainty about income security, 0-10 scale
BEST EN
“Sustainable tourism is - finding the right
balance between the welfare of tourists,
host communities and
the environment, reducing conflict,
recognising mutual dependency, and
enhancing quality of life.”
National Wellbeing Index
“How satisfied are you with ------”
1. the economic situation in
Australia?
2. the state of the natural
environment in Australia?
3. the social conditions in
Australia?
4. Government in Australia?
5. business in Australia?
6. national security in Australia?
Can Subjective Social Indicators be used--to monitor environmental degradation?
Australia is suffering the worst drought in recorded history.
May 2008 was the driest May on record
It has been continuously worsening during the whole time of our surveys
How satisfied are you with the
State of the Natural Environment in Australia?
63
62
61
>S5
60
Strength
of
satisfaction
>S1
59
58
On-going and developing drought
57
Intense media coverage
of ‘global warming’
56
55
Major events
preceding survey
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Survey
Date
Key:
a = September 11
b = Bali Bombing
c = Pre-Iraq War
d = Hussein Deposed
e = Athens Olympic
f = Asian Tsunami
g = Second Bali Bombing h = New Industrial Relations Laws
Satisfaction with the State of the Natural Environment in Australia
63
62
61
>S5
60
Strength
of
satisfaction
>S1
59
58
57
Scores below this line are lower
than S1
Intense media coverage
of ‘global warming’
56
An Inconvenient Truth
55
Major events
preceding survey
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Survey
Date
Key:
a = September 11
b = Bali Bombing
c = Pre-Iraq War
d = Hussein Deposed
e = Athens Olympic
f = Asian Tsunami
g = Second Bali Bombing h = New Industrial Relations Laws
Satisfaction with the State of the Natural Environment in Australia
63
62
61
>S5
60
Strength
of
satisfaction
>S1
59
58
57
Scores below this line are lower
than S1
Intense media coverage
of ‘global warming’
56
55
Major events
preceding survey
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Survey
Date
Key:
a = September 11
b = Bali Bombing
c = Pre-Iraq War
d = Hussein Deposed
e = Athens Olympic
f = Asian Tsunami
g = Second Bali Bombing h = New Industrial Relations Laws
Satisfaction with the State of the Natural Environment in Australia
63
62
61
>S5
60
Strength
of
satisfaction
>S1
59
58
57
Scores below this line are lower
than S1
Intense media coverage
of ‘global warming’
56
55
Major events
preceding survey
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Survey
Date
Key:
a = September 11
b = Bali Bombing
c = Pre-Iraq War
d = Hussein Deposed
e = Athens Olympic
f = Asian Tsunami
g = Second Bali Bombing h = New Industrial Relations Laws
Satisfaction with the State of the Natural Environment in Australia
63
62
61
>S5
60
Strength
of
satisfaction
>S1
59
58
57
56
Scores below this line are lower
than S1
Maximum = 60.9
Current = 59.1
Minimum = 55.8
People adapt to slow change
and only react to new perceptions
of threat and danger
55
Major events
preceding survey
Survey
Date
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
The Citarum river near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta
http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/
So, as environmental and social conditions
gradually deteriorate through global warming,
do not expect the population to easily react
Summary
To measure the effects of tourism on
life quality, we need both objective and
subjective indicators.
Objective Indicators
Economic development
Subjective Indicators
Subjective Wellbeing
Quality of life