Transcript File - Ryan Reynolds

Unit 6
Essay 2
How did America become the ‘Arsenal of
Democracy’ and how were industries and
the American people motivated to
support the war effort?
“World” wars are GLOBAL!!
• Massive forces fighting
almost everywhere
The whole nation must MOBILIZE all
of its resources & population, to win
!
Two things a nation needs to win:
Superior PRODUCTION
Superior TECHNOLOGY
Where do you BUILD ships, planes, tanks, etc. ?
Where do scientists develop new weapons ?
Which “FRONT” is the MOST important in the war ?
Not the battle fronts
Rather – the “HOMEFRONT” !
that is where a country BUILDS what it
needs to win the war
“The great arsenal of democracy”
1940 quote from FDR during one of his Fireside Chats
– U.S.A. needed to help stop the Axis powers by:
• Turning USA into “the great arsenal of democracy”
• What do you think FDR meant by this?—Write
answer in notes
I. Superior Production/Tech on the Home Front
CONVERTING
TO
Making
Sewing
Machines
Making
Machine
GUNS
I. Superior Production/Tech on the Home Front
A. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
Factories CONVERT from making
peacetime CIVILIAN goods to
WAR MATERIAL & WEAPONS
Example: Hull 440 (cargo ship)
Built in only 3 days ! How ?
Using “PRE-FRABRICATION”
techniques:
Ford Motor Co.: Willow Run Assembly Line
Produced around 9000
by end of war
I. Superior Production/Tech on the Home Front
TECHNOLOGY: the OSRD
(Office of Scientific Research &
Development)
Scientists recruited to work in
Labs throughout USA, for:
*
*
*
*
Advanced warplanes, etc.
New tech: RADAR, SONAR
“Wonder drugs” like penicillin
New chemicals to fight pests:
DDT, etc.
I. Superior Production/Tech on the Home Front
Technology: the OSRD
(Office of Scientific Research &
Development)
* Super-secret advanced
weapons: “Manhattan
Project” = ____________?
the ATOMIC BOMB
I. Superior Production/Tech on the Home Front
LABOR
Most able-bodied men go into
military – but need for
more
WORKERS in INDUSTRIAL
factories
MET with:
6 MILLION women “Rosie
the Riviter”, nickname
2 MILLION minorities
Workers on the job by 1944 ?
18 MILLION
I. Superior Production/Tech on the Home Front
Labor
Interactive Notes Pg. 591
1. How many people moved to
California from 1941-1944?
2. How did wartime economy
contribute to this mass migration?
•
Problem:
•
Millions migrate 
•
“Boomtowns” overcrowded
•
•
Solution:
build
PRE-FABRICATED housing
Women In
The
Workforce
• 1940-1945
• “Rosie the Riveter” title given
to women who worked in
WWII
• They didn’t get equal pay for
equal work.
• Helped build over 300,000
aircrafts, 88,000 landing
crafts, 215 submarines, 147
aircraft carriers, 88,000 tanks,
6.5 million rifles, & 40 billion
bullets
I. Superior Production/Tech on the Home Front
ENTERTAINMENT
(PROPAGANDA)
Motivating people to work ! And,
INFORMING them about the war
was ESSENTIAL
HOLLYWOOD responded:
Example: FRANK CAPRA’s film:
“Why We Fight” series (See
video-4:00)
Also:
“Mission to Moscow”
various “Hiss and Boo” movies
like “Hitler, Beast of Berlin”
U.S.
propaganda
• The Office of War Information
1. Used posters & radio
broadcasts
2. Worked to promote
patriotism
3. Warned about foreign spies
Displaying the
“Service Stars”
• Families dealt with
the absence of
loved ones by
displaying a flag
with a blue star.
• Display of the
“Gold Star” means
that family has
made the ultimate
sacrifice
The U.S. Economy in WWII
Americans
Return to
Work
Americans
Return to
Work
If they have too
much $$ to spend
and
If too many goods
are available to buy
The U.S. Economy in WWII
Americans
Return to
Work
If they have too
much $$ to spend
Demand rises
and
Prices rise =
If too many goods
are available to buy
“INFLATION”
What causes INFLATION ?
Prices
Rise
Supply of
scarce goods
declines
Demand for
more goods rises
Workers
Demand
higher pay
Workers
make more $
so spend
more $
What causes INFLATION ?
Gasoline
Prices
Rise
Supply of
scarce gas
declines
Demand for
more gasoline
rises as more
people buy gas
Workers
Demand
higher pay
Workers
make more $
so spend
more $
What can government do to reduce inflation ?
Prices
Remain stable
Persuade people to
spend some $$ to
pay for the war – not
for more goods
Ration goods
Wage controls
Price controls
B. Economic Controls
To control INFLATION the government must control
SUPPLY & DEMAND.
Also, scarce material and RESOURCES must be directed
towards war production (like oil, etc.)
Finally, how will the government PAY for the war ?
B. Economic Controls
Go to pg. 567-568
Interactive Notes
3. What was “rationing” ? What did
the WPB/OPA ration ?
4. What incentives – “enticements”
did WPB give businesses to
convert ?
5. What did the WPB organize to
preserve scarce resources ?
1. “Rationing” = people get an
allotment (share) of scarce goods
for the war effort:
gasoline, heating oil, metals,
rubber, plastics
2. Guaranteed profit – Uncle Sam
would purchase everything, too.
Scarce materials guaranteed
3. Organized “scrap drives”
B. Economic Controls
Department of the Treasury
(DoT)
Go to pg. 567-568
Interactive Notes:
6. What did DoT sell to people, to
pay for the war ?
7. When people bought these, it
helped control inflation, how did
it reduce “demand” ?
8. Rationing also controls inflation –
how did rationing reduce
“demand” ?
1. War bonds = a loan/IOU to govt.
govt. pays it back, with interest
2. People had less $ to spend for
goods, so this lowered “demand”
for goods, which keeps prices
down – less inflation
3. Rationing reduces the supply of
goods – fewer goods available to
buy. This forces demand for
goods down, thus keeping prices
down – less inflation
WAR
PRODUCTION
Board
• Oversee the conversion of
industries to make war
materials
• Organized Scrap Drives
– Scrap iron, tin cans, paper, etc.
Investing
In Victory
Department of
Treasury
• Americans bought
billions of dollars
worth of war bonds
(government IOU’s).
• Over half of the
population did their
civic duty and bought
war bonds.
OPA
OFFICE Of PRICE Administration
• Freezes prices, rents !
• Rationed goods & established
price controls
• Examples: steel, sugar, coffee,
rubber, gasoline, etc.
• Slogan: “Use it up, wear it out,
make it do, or do without.”
• National Speed Limit: 35mph
NWLB
NATIONAL WAR LABOR Board
• Settled labor disputes (strikes)
centered around wage increases.
• No “Strike pledge”
How did the people help?
Sacrifice and Struggle for Americans at Home
Rationing:
Conserving Food and
other Goods
• Americans planted victory gardens.
• Rationing food items such as coffee,
butter, sugar, and meat so military get
essential goods.
• Metal, glass, rubber, and gasoline were
scarce goods
• Americans held scrap drives to collect
scarce materials that might be used in
the war effort.
Revenue Act
WWII will cost about $300 billion !
Revenue Act of 1942 ( Tax law):
1. Raised income taxes – All
Americans, including MiddleClass must pay now !
Does it also help control inflation ?
Why/How?
YES -- people have less $ to
buy goods, so lowers
demand/prices.
What can government do to reduce inflation ?
Interactive Notes – Draw this diagram
What can government do to reduce inflation ?
Interactive Notes – Draw this diagram
Price controls:
OPA freezes
prices, rents
What can government do to reduce inflation ?
Price controls:
OPA freezes
prices, rents
Wage controls:
NWLB & OPA
don’t allow big
raises
What can government do to reduce inflation ?
Interactive Notes – Draw this diagram
Price controls:
OPA freezes
prices, rents
Ration goods:
WPB and OPA
Wage controls:
NWLB & OPA
don’t allow big
raises
What can government do to reduce inflation ?
Interactive Notes – Draw this diagram
DoT Sells War Bonds
and Increases Taxes:
Ration goods:
WPB and OPA
Keeps demand for
scarce goods
down
Price controls:
OPA freezes
prices, rents
Wage controls:
NWLB & OPA
don’t allow big
raises
What can government do to reduce inflation ?
Interactive Notes – Draw this diagram
Prices
Remain stable
DoT Sells War Bonds
and Increased Taxes:
Ration goods:
WPB and OPA
Price controls:
OPA freezes
prices, rents
Wage controls:
NWLB & OPA
don’t allow big
raises
III. Consequences of Economic Controls &
Superior Production
A. Growth of Federal Govt. –
Increased Powers of the President:
• WARS ALWAYS INCREASE THE POWER
OF GOVERNMENT & PRESIDENT
– “War Powers Act”
• THEY NOW CONTROL THE ECONOMY.
MANY MORE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
INCREASE THE SIZE OF GOVERNMENT.
• TO PAY FOR THE WAR, GOVERNMENT IS
NOW SPENDING MUCH MORE.—
(Deficit Spending)
OPA
III. Consequences of Economic Controls &
Superior Production
B. Massive Migration of
Workers throughout the
USA:
• MILLIONS OF AMERICANS
MOVE TO GET JOBS
• WE SEE ANOTHER WAVE OF
BLACKS MOVING FROM THE
SOUTH FOR JOBS.
• THIS RESULTS IN RACIAL
TENSIONS IN MANY
NORHTERN CITIES.
C. Economic Consequences:
• WWII cost 10 TIMES more
than WWI; 40% was paid by
taxes while 60% was paid by
War Bonds.
• Inflation was controlled.
Inflation rose 30% during
the war, which was an
acceptable level.
• In 1941, only 15% of
industrial production was
geared for war production –
not ENOUGH to win the war;
• During the war, this changes
so that the USA is producing
a SURPLUS war materials and
enough to supply all of the
Allied nations =
• “ARSENAL of Democracy”.
D. United American People:
• The American people are
highly MOTIVATED to win
the war;
• even kids are contributing
with SCRAP (recycling)
drives to collect scarce
materials needed for war
production.